Influence of news media use and political discussions on social self-efficacy through sense of unity: an analysis of mediation model invariance with Spanish and Portuguese adolescents

Abstract

Discussing sociopolitical issues with family or friends during adolescence, as well as staying informed through media outlets, is key to developing active civic engagement for both youth and future adults. Likewise, these communicative exchanges promote a sense of belonging and social skills which foster adolescents’ wellbeing. This research aims to analyze the influence of participation in communication about political and social issues on adolescents’ social self-efficacy, both directly and as well as indirectly through sense of unity, in two Mediterranean countries (Portugal and Spain). The sample was selected through random multistage sampling by conglomerates. The 36,992 adolescents (50.6% girls and 49.4% boys) participated in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in Portugal and Spain, and the age groups were distributed as following: 39.6% 13–14-years-old; 35.8% 15–16-years-old; and 25.6% 17–18-years-old. Analyses showed positive associations between the proposed indicator of civic engagement –news media use and political discussions– and social self-efficacy, both directly as well as through sense of unity, with similar results for adolescents in Portugal and Spain. Accordingly, educational programs promoting communication about sociopolitical issues could foster adolescents’ sense of unity and social skills, contributing to their positive development, wellbeing, and civic engagement. Curricular materials on current politics and social affairs could increase classroom dialogue based on respect, healthy peer relationships, and sense of belonging, fostering effective political socialization amongst youth and the development of democratic behaviors beneficial to society.

The Social Self-Efficacy Scale for Spanish and Portuguese (13–18-Year-Olds) Adolescents: Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance

“…Once obtaining results on the scale's reliability and validity in Spanish and Portuguese adolescents, mean scores of both groups were examined, taking into consideration sex, age, and country. Results showed that Spanish adolescents score higher than Portuguese, coinciding with research by Salado et al (2023). However, we must be cautious when interpreting these results given that there is a noticeable lack of prior research comparing the social self-efficacy scale in both countries.…”