Influence of Nanoencapsulation Using High-Pressure Homogenization on the Volatile Constituents and Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Algerian Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. et Durieu

Abstract

The nanoencapsulation of essential oils enhances their applicability in several areas, such as pharmaceuticals and food biopreservation. This study focuses on the encapsulation of Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. et Durieu essential oil into nanoemulsions by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and its effect on the volatile constituents and the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the essential oil. The analysis of hydrodistilled (HD) S. satureioides essential oil using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed a total of 28 constituents, representing 99.80%, while only 13 constituents were identified in nanoemulsions, representing 98.65% of the total volatile material. The use of HPH led to qualitative and quantitative differences between the volatile profiles of the HD and the nanoemulsion of S. satureioides essential oil. Whereas borneol, α-terpineol, and thymol were the predominant constituents in the HD oil, carvacrol, thymol, and γ-terpinene were the major constituents in the nanoemulsion. The antioxidant activity of the S. satureioides essential oil nanoemulsion displayed was lower as compared to that of HD oil using DPPH free radical–scavenging, CUPRAC, and ABTS assays. This is consistent with the differences in total flavonoid, total phenolic, and volatiles detected in both HD oil and its nanoemulsion. Meanwhile, the cytotoxicity on liver cancer cells (Hep-G2) was stronger using nanoemulsions (106 μg/mL) than using HD oil (274.8 μg/mL).

Development, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Carvacrol-loaded Nanoemulsion

“…Understanding the stability of nanoemulsions over time is an important parameter for biological studies. The droplet size stability of CVNE can be attributed to the selection of the surfactants, which present the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) value close to the required HLB of the oil phase and the presence of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) [ 23 , 26 , 27 ]. MCT was selected because it is a good Ostwald ripening inhibitor and contributes to the production of nanoemulsions with small droplet sizes [ 33 , 34 ].…”

“…The advantages of this system include the enhancement of the solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic molecules (e.g., CV), controlled drug release, and protection from enzymatic degradation [ 18 , 19 ]. Nanoemulsions can be produced using different methodologies, including high-energy methods such as high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, and microfluidization [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Spent Coffee Grounds Valorization as Bioactive Phenolic Source Acquired Antifungal, Anti-Mycotoxigenic, and Anti-Cytotoxic Activities

“…The curve was illustrated based on the variation of the proportions of surviving cells according to concentrations, and IC50 was calculated using a sigmoidal curve obtained [44].…”

Polymeric Carriers Designed for Encapsulation of Essential Oils with Biological Activity

“…A recent research study presented the encapsulation of Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. et Durieu EO into nanoemulsions based on 1% of Tween (a polyethylene sorbitol ester), by high-pressure homogenization [ 162 ]. It was found that the crystallization of the lipid droplets of the nanoemulsion by rapid cooling at the end of the high-pressure homogenization processing affected the volatile composition of the oil and of the prepared nanoemulsions.…”

“…The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050631/s1, Table S1: The table presenting the polymeric matrices utilized for essential oils (EOs) encapsulation was made based on the documentation performed for the realization of the review and highlights the EOs used and the resulted products with specific biological activity, together with the corresponding reference used. References [55,56,64,72,73,81,82,85,87,113,116,118,119,[121][122][123]125,[128][129][130][131][132][133]135,136,145,[147][148][149][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159]162,164,169,179] are cited in supplementary materials.…”