Influence of Mode and Carbohydrate on the Cytokine Response to Heavy Exertion

Nieman, D.C.; Nehlsen-Cannarella, Sandra L.; Fagoaga, Omar R.; Henson, Dru A.; Utter, A. C.; Davis, James H.; Williams, Franklin E.; Butterworth, D. E.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199805001-00104

Cited by 49 publications

(96 citation statements)

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“…Several studies have reported that carbohydrate ingestion attenuates elevations in plasma IL-6 during both running and cycling (81,85). During exercise, carbohydrate ingestion exerts its effect at the posttranscriptional level of IL-6 (34, 128), whereas low muscle glycogen concentration further enhances IL-6 mRNA and transcription rate for IL-6 (58,130).…”

Section: Il-6 Response To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise

Petersen¹,

Pedersen²

2005

Journal of Applied Physiology

2,498

2,117

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Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The latter disorders have been associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation reflected by a two- to threefold elevated level of several cytokines. Adipose tissue contributes to the production of TNF-alpha, which is reflected by elevated levels of soluble TNF-alpha receptors, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and C-reactive protein. We suggest that TNF-alpha rather than IL-6 is the driver behind insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and that IL-6 is a marker of the metabolic syndrome, rather than a cause. During exercise, IL-6 is produced by muscle fibers via a TNF-independent pathway. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibits the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. We suggest that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-alpha and thereby offers protection against TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibers, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Here we suggest that myokines may be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and that these in particular are involved in the protection against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

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Section: Il-6 Response To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise

Petersen¹,

Pedersen²

2005

Journal of Applied Physiology

2,498

2,117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Exercise bouts that induce muscle cell injury cause a sequential release of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6, followed very closely by anti‐inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐10 and IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) 29 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 . Tumour necrosis factor‐α and IL‐1β stimulate the production of IL‐6, which induces the acute phase response and the production of IL‐1ra.…”

Section: The Acute Immune Response: the ‘Open Window’ Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Endurance exercise associated with muscle soreness (e.g. marathon running) induces a greater inflammatory cytokine response than modes, such as cycling or rowing, that are more concentric in nature 25 , 40 , 42 …”

Section: The Acute Immune Response: the ‘Open Window’ Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise effects on systemic immunity

Nieman

2000

Immunol Cell Biol

170

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Heavy exertion has acute and chronic influences on systemic immunity. In the resting state, the immune systems of athletes and non-athletes are more similar than disparate with the exception of NK cell activity, which tends to be elevated in athletes. Many components of the immune system exhibit adverse change after prolonged, heavy exertion. These immune changes occur in several compartments of the immune system and body (e.g. the skin, upper respiratory tract mucosal tissue, lung, blood and muscle). Although still open to interpretation, most exercise immunologists believe that during this 'open window' of impaired immunity (which may last between 3 and 72 h, depending on the immune measure) viruses and bacteria may gain a foothold, increasing the risk of subclinical and clinical infection. The infection risk may be amplified when other factors related to immune function are present, including exposure to novel pathogens during travel, lack of sleep, severe mental stress, malnutrition or weight loss.

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“…Several studies have shown that carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the release of cortisol during prolonged exercise (4,12,14) . A recent series of experiments has tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate ingestion, by suppressing cortisol release, can attenuate post-exercise immunosuppression (7,8,15,17,18,21,22) . The results of these investigations have revealed that, compared to placebo, carbohydrate ingestion during exercise results in an attenuated cortisol response and fewer perturbations in immune cell counts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimal Influence of Carbohydrate Ingestion on the Immune Response Following Acute Resistance Exercise

Koch¹,

Potteiger²,

Chan³

et al. 2001

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The effect of carbohydrate supplementation (CHO) on the lymphocyte response to acute resistance exercise was examined in 10 resistance-trained males. Subjects completed a randomized double-blind protocol with sessions separated by 14 days. The exercise session consisted of a high intensity, short rest interval squat workout. Subjects consumed 1.0 g á kg body mass(-1) CHO or an equal volume of placebo (PLC) 10 min prior to and 10 min following exercise. Blood was collected at rest (REST), immediately post exercise (POST), and at 1.5 hours and 4.0 hours of recovery, and analyzed for plasma glucose, serum cortisol, leukocyte subsets, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. A significant Treatment 3 Time effect was observed for lymphocyte proliferation between CHO and PLC, but post hoc analyses revealed no between-treatment differences at any post-exercise time point. Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly depressed below REST at POST (-39.2% for PLC, -25.7% for CHO). Significant fluctuations in leukocyte subset trafficking were observed for both treatments at POST, 1.5 hours, and 4.0 hours. Plasma glucose was significantly increased POST in CHO compared to PLC. Cortisol was significantly increased from REST to POST in both treatments. These data support a minimal effect of carbohydrate ingestion on the lymphocyte response to high-intensity resistance exercise.

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Influence of Mode and Carbohydrate on the Cytokine Response to Heavy Exertion

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise

Exercise effects on systemic immunity

Minimal Influence of Carbohydrate Ingestion on the Immune Response Following Acute Resistance Exercise

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