Influence of Mileage Accumulation on the Particle Mass and Number Emissions of Two Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles

Abstract

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) is a new engine technology intended to improve fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions as required by recently enacted legislative and environmental regulations. The development of this technology must also ensure that these vehicles meet new LEV III and Tier 3 emissions standards as they phase in between 2017 and 2021. The aim of the present paper is to examine, at least for a small set, how the PM emissions from GDI vehicles change over their lifetime. The paper reports particle mass and number emissions of two GDI vehicles as a function of mileage up to 150K miles. These vehicles exhibit PM emissions that are near or below the upcoming 3 mg/mi FTP and 10 mg/mi US06 mass standards with little, if any, deterioration over 150K miles. Particle number emissions roughly follow the previously observed 2 × 10(12) particles/mg correlation between solid particle number and PM mass. They remained between the interim and final EU stage 6 solid particle count standard for gasoline vehicles throughout the mileage accumulation study. These examples demonstrate feasibility to meet near-term 3 mg/mi and interim EU solid particle number standards, but continued development is needed to ensure that this continues as further fuel economy improvements are made.

Evaluating the Effects of Aromatics Content in Gasoline on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions from SI-PFI and SIDI Vehicles

“…41,42 Higher particulate emissions from SIDI engines can be ascribed to the shorter time for mixture preparation/evaporation and homogenization, leading to liquid fuel impingement on the piston and cylinder walls. 23,43 As a consequence, the fuel that emerges from the fuel films produces fuel-rich regions that generate high emissions of PM.…”

Gasoline Particle Filter Development

“…Thermal analysis included coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). These procedures are well described in Heck and Farrauto [3]. The most critical mechanical property for ceramic substrates was isostatic strength.…”

The impact of ethanol and iso-butanol blends on gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spray-guided and wall-guided direct injection SI (spark ignition) engines

“…This may result in liquid fuel that is not totally vaporized at the start of combustion. As a consequence, local fuel-rich combustion or even pool fires can occur near the piston, generating high particle emissions [49,50]. For the SG-SIDI vehicle, the lower particle number emissions were most likely due to the reduced contact between fuel and combustion chamber surfaces, which was achieved through the higher fuel pressure and therefore better spray atomization and mixture preparation.…”