The impact of ethanol and iso-butanol blends on gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spray-guided and wall-guided direct injection SI (spark ignition) engines

Abstract

a b s t r a c tWe examined the effects of different ethanol and iso-butanol blends on the gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spark ignition direct injection engines and with one spray-guided and one wall-guided configuration. Both vehicles were tested over triplicate FTP (Federal Test Procedure) and UC (Unified Cycles) using a chassis dynamometer. Emissions of THC (total hydrocarbons), NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons), and CO (carbon monoxide) reduced with increasing oxygen content in the blend for some of the vehicle/fuel combinations, whereas NO x (nitrogen oxide) emissions did not show strong fuel effects. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the main carbonyls in the exhaust, with the higher ethanol blends showing higher acetaldehyde emissions during the coldstart. For butyraldehyde emissions, both vehicles showed some increases with different butanol blends when compared to ethanol blends, but not for all cases. The higher ethanol and butanol blends showed reductions in PM (particulate mass), number, and soot mass emissions. Particulate emissions were significantly affected by the fuel injection design, with the wall-guided vehicle producing higher mass and number emissions compared to the spray-guided vehicle. Particle size was influenced by ethanol and iso-butanol content, with higher alcohol blends showing lower accumulation mode particles than the baseline fuel.

Experimental investigation of combustion, emissions and thermal balance of secondary butyl alcohol-gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine

“…There are four types of butanol isomers: 1-butanol (i.e., n-butanol), 2-butanol, tert-butanol and isobutanol [15][16][17]. Each butanol has different physical and chemical properties based on different isomer structures.…”

Integrating Cloud Condensation Nuclei Predictions with Fast Time Resolved Aerosol Instrumentation to Determine the Hygroscopic Properties of Emissions Over Transient Drive Cycles

“…An EEPS is commonly used for measuring emissions from both transient and steady state driving cycles and roadside measurements (Ayala and Herner 2005;Wang et al 2006;Yao et al 2006;Karavalakis et al 2015). Although the EEPS has a lower size resolution than the SMPS, it provides a full particle size distribution every second.…”

Impact of intermediate ethanol blends on particulate matter emission from a spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engine

“…The result of using intermediate ethanol blends, ranging from 0% to 20% volume of ethanol in gasoline fuel, is still controversial. There were inconsistent PN results from E10 blend that some researches demonstrated reducing tendency of PN emissions as increasing ethanol content, while the others indicated exceptional or opposite results [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Therefore, a study on PM characteristics for the E0 to E20 range is needed to identify these odd trends.…”