Influence of LA/Ti molar ratio on the complex synthesis of anatase/brookite nanoparticles and their hydrogen production

Characterization of nanomaterials synthesized from Spirulina platensis extract and their potential antifungal activity

“…Compared with mimicking reaction, in the TiO 2 NPs synthesis, lactic acid and lactose were utilized apart from amines. Beyond acting act as an acid catalyst and electron donor, lactic acid was reported to mediate surface interactions of nuclei favouring the coalescence of nanoparticles formed at the beginning of the synthesis, during hydrolysis and condensation [44]. The study described binding of the Ti(IV) ions by a donor-acceptor bond, which transfers the electrons and reduces its partial positive charge.…”

Medical and Dental Applications of Titania Nanoparticles: An Overview

“…The nanometer size of TiO 2 NPs provides them with a high surface energy, a large fraction of surface atoms, reduced imperfections, spatial confinement, and reduced imperfections in comparison to the corresponding bulk material. At the nanometer scale, the properties of NPs become size- and shape-dependent, which involves chemical properties (reactivity), catalysis, thermal properties (melting temperature), mechanical properties (adhesion and capillary forces), optical properties (absorption and scattering of light), electrical properties (current), and magnetic properties (superparamagnetic effect) [ 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Early in 1996, Volokitin et al [ 127 ] already confirmed that quantum size strongly influences the thermodynamic properties of metallic origin-based NPs especially TiO 2 NPs.…”

“…This decrease in particle size increases the number of atoms on the surfaces as compared to those found inside, which leads to the enhanced chemical reactivity of these NPs [ 137 ]. As a result, the surface-to-volume ratio of the NPs also increases, which has a significant effect on their physical, chemical, and mechanical properties compared to those of the corresponding bulk state in the parent material [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 137 , 138 ]. In addition, TiO 2 NPs show increased catalytic activity as compared to other NPs [ 124 , 126 ].…”

“…These three distant phase form states differ in structure, texture, size, density, volume, and refractive index [ 122 , 123 , 124 ]. The rutile phase form state is well known for its high level of texture, structure, and chemical stability during the preparation methods, but its use is rare [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 147 ]. The anatase and brookite phase form states are meta-stable because they are thermodynamically unstable as compared to the rutile phase form state when used in the industry [ 125 , 126 ].…”

“…The rutile phase form state is well known for its high level of texture, structure, and chemical stability during the preparation methods, but its use is rare [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 147 ]. The anatase and brookite phase form states are meta-stable because they are thermodynamically unstable as compared to the rutile phase form state when used in the industry [ 125 , 126 ]. The brookite is rarely used in the industry because it is difficult to prepare [ 123 ].…”