Influence of injection molding on the flexural strength and surface quality of long glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6.6 composites

Teixeira, Divino Eterno; Giovanela, Marcelo; Gonella, Laura Berasain; Crespo, J.S.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.097

Cited by 48 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…4 At the same time, the shear forces inherent in the process lead to a signicant reduction in glass ber length during the injection molding of SGF reinforced thermoplastic composites, which causes the SGF reinforced thermoplastic composites ultimate strength decrease. 5 LGF reinforced thermoplastic composites are usually prepared using a pultrusion process, in which continuous glass bers with a polymer matrix surrounding them are pulled through a circular die. 6,7 LGF reinforced thermoplastic composites exhibit excellent mechanical strength and modulus, impact resistance, fatigue resistance, and durability properties in which they are superior to the SGF reinforced thermoplastic composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The researchers reported that the glass ber orientation, glass ber concentration, glass ber length distribution and interfacial bond strength for the glass ber reinforced thermoplastic composites were also responsible for the variation in the mechanical performance of the glass ber reinforced thermoplastic composites. [1][2][3]5,12 In this paper, LGF/PBT composites with different original glass ber lengths were prepared by using an impregnation device designed by the authors. The structure and morphology were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), an advanced rheometric expansion system (ARES), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of fiber length and dispersion on properties of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites based on poly(butylene terephthalate)

Zhang

Qin

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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Long glass fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (LGF/PBT) composites with different original glass fiber lengths were prepared using a impregnation device designed by the authors. The influence of fiber length and fiber distribution on the properties of the LGF/PBT composites were studied. The results showed that the length of the residual glass fibers increased with the original glass fiber length increase of LGF/PBT composites. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the glass fibers of LGF/PBT composites (16 nm and 20 mm) were unevenly dispersed and this is a phenomenon of their reunion in the resin matrix. Various rheological plots including viscosity curve, storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss angle, were used to characterization the rheological properties of the pristine matrix and the LGF/PBT composites. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results indicated that the storage and loss modulus of the LGF/PBT composites firstly increase and then decrease with original glass fiber length. The storage and loss modulus, glass transition temperatures of the pristine matrix and LGF/PBT composites increase with test frequencies increase. The activation energies of glass transition relaxation for the activation energies for loss tangent (tan d) and loss modulus (E 00 ) peaks were calculated. Furthermore, the glass transition relaxation determined from the tan d peaks were more reliable than using the E 00 criterion. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that the crystallization temperature (T c ), percentage crystallinity (X c ) and melting point of the LGF/PBT composites firstly increased and then slightly decreased with the increase of the original glass fiber length. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal gravimetric analysis curves of the LGF/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/PBT/polyethylene-butylacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (PTW) composites were shifted to higher temperatures with the increase of the LGF content.Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the TG curves of the LGF/TPU/PBT/PTW composites firstly shifted to higher temperatures and then shifted to lower temperatures as the original glass fiber length increased. The limiting oxygen values of the pristine matrix and LGF/PBT composites showed little change, which indicated that the effect of the original glass fiber length on the combustion behavior of LGF/PBT composites was not obvious. The tensile strength, notched Izod impact strength, flexural strength and modulus of the LGF/PBT composites firstly increase and then decrease with the original glass fiber length.When the original glass fiber length was 12 mm, the mechanical properties of LGF/PBT composites were optimal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fiber length and dispersion on properties of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites based on poly(butylene terephthalate)

Zhang

Qin

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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“… Equation was used to calculate a ij . As mechanical properties of LFT mainly depend on in‐plane fiber orientation, only component a 33 of the tensor need be evaluated . a 33 describes fiber orientation along axis 3.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber distribution of long fiber reinforced polyamide and effect of fiber orientation on mechanical behavior

Zhu

Yang

et al. 2019

Polymer Composites

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The objective of this paper is to research fiber distribution and mechanical behavior (tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact properties) of long fiber reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) plates made by injection molding. The plates were made of long glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6 granules and injected using two types of molds, including center‐gated and end‐gated injecting modes, to obtain different fiber orientation state. In addition, end‐gated plate was cut along three directions (0°/45°/90°) to main flow path, in order to experimentally investigate the effects of fiber orientation on mechanical properties. It is found that there is skin‐shell‐transition‐core structure across thickness of plate, resulted from different fiber orientation. Furthermore, end‐gated plate has more obvious fiber orientation at shell and core regions than center‐gated plate. The experimental results demonstrate that fiber orientation has significant effects on modulus, strength, toughness, and full‐field strain evolution. Tensile and flexural properties decrease by over 50%, as the cutting angle with respect to flow direction changes from 0° to 90° in end‐gated plate. Moreover, unnotched and notched strength drops by 66% and 33%, respectively, from 0° to 90° off‐axis angle. These results show apparent mechanical anisotropy of LFT. Shell‐core structure also significantly influences strain distribution and fracture morphology.

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“…But as a structure material, the relatively low mechanical strength with a high molding shrinkage rate makes it easy to melt fracture and become sensitive to notches . Long glass fiber (LGF) reinforced polymer composites have been a growing interest issue due to the advantages of low weight, high stiffness‐to‐weight and strength‐to‐weight ratios, excellent rigidity and low cost, which can be applied in the fields of automobile, construction and aviation . These advantages make the LGF reinforced PP (LGFPP) composites to be more suitable for the high demands situation compared with the pure PP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of natural ageing on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of intumescent flame retardant long glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites

Zhou

et al. 2018

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In this work, the composites based on long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (LGFPP/IFR) were prepared by melt blending. This article presented an experimental research on the influence of combined environment elements in natural condition on the properties of LGFPP/IFR composites with 0–12 months ageing. The flammability and thermal properties of the composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL–94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties test and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The LOI values increased from 27.5 to 28.3 in 0–6 months ageing, and then decreased back, however, the TGA curves shift to the lower temperature. The thermal degradation kinetics were analyzed and the apparent active energy (E) of aged and unaged samples were calculated by Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method. The results indicated that much lower E values were obtained after 3–12 months ageing. EDAX data proved that the IFR particles gathered on the surface of samples in natural exposing, by which had some effect on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composites. The mechanical properties showed a global decrease in the whole ageing period by matrix degradation and interface debonding under the influence of combined environment elements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:2098–2105, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Influence of injection molding on the flexural strength and surface quality of long glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6.6 composites

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of fiber length and dispersion on properties of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites based on poly(butylene terephthalate)

Effect of fiber length and dispersion on properties of long glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites based on poly(butylene terephthalate)

Fiber distribution of long fiber reinforced polyamide and effect of fiber orientation on mechanical behavior

Influence of natural ageing on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of intumescent flame retardant long glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites

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