Influence of Initial Microstructure on Warm Deformation Processability and Microstructure of an Ultrahigh Carbon Steel

Wu, Tao; Gao, Yue; Li, Xiao-pu; Zhao, Yanqi; Zou, Qin

doi:10.1016/s1006-706x(14)60009-1

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This difference can be caused by the higher carbon content and a shorter exposure time before deformation (10 min in our case versus 3 min in Reference [15]), resulting in a higher amount of finer carbides which provides an effective obstacle for dislocation and boundary motion during deformation. However, the activation energy value at 550-700 °C in a 1.2%C steel was found to be higher in the as-quenched steel (Q = 331.56 kJ/mol) due to a more pronounced pinning effect by fine cementite particles in comparison to that in the spheroidized condition (Q = 297.94 kJ/mol) [6]. Even higher activation energy of 372.8 kJ•mol -1 at temperatures of 550-700 • C and strain rates of 0.001-1.0 s −1 was reported in Reference [15] for the as-quenched Fe-0.45wt.%C steel during warm deformation.…”

Section: Mechanical Behaviormentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Deformation instability in the field with η < 0.1 can be accompanied by cracking and failure. It should be noted that the as-quenched Fe-1.2wt.%C steel had lower efficiency of power dissipation in the field of deformation instability and, as a result, better processability in comparison with the initially spheroidized steel [6].…”

Section: Microstructure Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The martensitic initial structure was found to be very promising to receive a fine-grained structure by warm deformation [5]. For instance, according to Reference [6], an as-quenched Fe-1.2wt.%C steel had better workability in comparison with that in an initially spheroidized condition. One of the attractive strategies of warm deformation to receive an excellent balance of strength, ductility and toughness in a wide range of temperatures is the formation of an elongated fine-grained (EFG) structure with nanoscale carbide particles and a strong deformation texture [7], that has recently been applied in industry [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Grain Structure Evolution in a Quenched Medium Carbon Steel during Warm Deformation

et al. 2020

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The as-quenched medium-carbon low-alloy Fe-0.36wt.%C-1wt.%Cr steel was subjected to warm deformation via uniaxial compression at temperatures of 400–700 °C and strain rates of 10−4–10−2 s−1. At low temperatures (400–550 °C), the microstructure evolution was mainly associated with dynamic recovery with the value of activation energy of 140 ± 35 kJ/mol. At higher temperatures (600–700 °C), dynamic recrystallization was developed, and activation energy in this case was 243 ± 15 kJ/mol. The presence of nanoscale carbide particles in the structure at temperatures of 400–600 °C resulted in the appearance of threshold stresses. A two-component <001>//compression direction (CD) and <111>//CD deformation texture was formed during deformation. Deformation at the low temperatures resulted in the formation of elongated ferritic grains separated mainly by high-angle boundaries (HAB) with a strong <001>//CD texture. The grains with the <111>//CD orientation were wider in comparison with those with the <001>//CD orientation. The development of substructure in the form of low-angle boundaries (LAB) networks was also observed in the <111>//CD grains. The development of dynamic recrystallization restricted the texture formation. The processing map for warm deformation of the 0.36C-1Cr steel was constructed.

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Section: Mechanical Behaviormentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Microstructure Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Grain Structure Evolution in a Quenched Medium Carbon Steel during Warm Deformation

et al. 2020

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“…Plasticity can be achieved, e.g., by spheroidizing annealing at a temperature close to A1 [2]. Methods that increase strength and plasticity and cause grain refinement and spheroidization of cementite include warm working [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], combined hot and warm working [1,10], cold or warm working combined with heat treatment [11], and combined heat treatment [12]. Ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCS) with fine microstructure of ferrite with spheroidized cementite can have high ambient-temperature strength, hardness and ductility, and excellent high-temperature formability, even via superplasticity [1,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Spheroidization of Cementite in Sintered Ultrahigh Carbon Steel by Warm Deformation

Nikiel

Szczepanik

Korpała

2021

Metals

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Evolution of microstructure and hardness in quenched ultrahigh carbon steel Fe-0.85Mo-0.6Si-1.4C by warm compression on a Bähr plastometer-dilatometer at 775 °C and at 0.001 to 1 s−1 strain rate range is reported. The material was prepared via powder metallurgy: cold pressing and liquid phase sintering. Independent of strain rate, the initial martenstic microstructure was transformed to ferrite and spheroidized cementite. Strain rate had an effect on size and shape of spheroidized Fe3C precipitates: the higher the strain rate, the smaller the precipitates. Morphology of the spheroidized carbides influenced hardness, with the highest hardness, 362 HV10, for strain rate 1 s−1 and the lowest, 295 HV10, for the lowest strain rate 0.001 s−1. Resultant microstructure and ambient temperature mechanical properties were comparable to those of the material that had undergone a fully spheroidizing treatment with increased time and energy consumption, indicating that it can be dispensed with in industrial processing. All our results are consistent with the Hall–Petch relation developed for spheroidized steels.

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“…Thus, the spheroidization of cementite has been widely studied in the past. Generally, such spheroidization was developed by annealing and it could be accelerated by the process of cold working before annealing, thermomechanical processing, and using certain heat treatment procedures [5][6][7][8]. More than a decade ago, researchers reported that the spheroidization time could be significantly reduced by the process of heavy deformation slightly below A 1 temperature and therefore dynamic spheroidizing (DSX) was realized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Vanadium Microalloying on Deformation-Induced Pearlite Transformation of Eutectoid Steel

Cai

Mao

Bao

et al. 2019

Metals

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In order to investigate the influence of vanadium microalloying on deformation-induced pearlite transformation (DIPT) of eutectoid steel, thermomechanical simulation tests were carried out in this study. The following four compositions of vanadium microalloying were applied in the tests: vanadium free in Steel A, vanadium content of 0.1 mass% in Steel B, vanadium content of 0.27 mass% in Steel C, and vanadium content of 0.1 mass% with the addition of 0.02 mass% N in Steel D. The dissolution of vanadium and precipitation of vanadium carbides, nitrides, or carbonitridesand the effect of vanadium microalloying on the fraction and morphology of deformation-induced pearlite for different magnitudes of strain were examined, and the mechanism of the effect was elucidated. The results revealed that DIPT could be significantly improved by vanadium microalloying with the addition of N but decreased and postponed without the addition of N because vanadium nitrides or carbonitrides were precipitated in austenite under a small strain and facilitated the nucleation of pearlite both along the boundary of austenite grain (AG pearlite) and intragranular (IG pearlite). Moreover, transformation kinetics of DIPT was fitted and compared. The results further revealed that the rate of DIPT in vanadium-microalloyed steel with the addition of N was twice as fast as that in the vanadium-free steel. In order to ensure the complete spheroidization of lamellar cementites in vanadium-microalloyed steel, a comparison of the morphology of cementites revealed that a greater magnitude of strain was required.

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Influence of Initial Microstructure on Warm Deformation Processability and Microstructure of an Ultrahigh Carbon Steel

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Mechanisms of Grain Structure Evolution in a Quenched Medium Carbon Steel during Warm Deformation

Mechanisms of Grain Structure Evolution in a Quenched Medium Carbon Steel during Warm Deformation

Accelerated Spheroidization of Cementite in Sintered Ultrahigh Carbon Steel by Warm Deformation

Influence of Vanadium Microalloying on Deformation-Induced Pearlite Transformation of Eutectoid Steel

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