Influence of Hydrated PbO₂Content on the Cycling Performance of Lead-Acid Batteries

Abstract

In order to improve the electrochemical performance of lead-acid batteries for energy storage, SnSO 4 and Sb 2 O 3 were selected as additives to form positive plates. The effects of these additives on the composition and the microstructure of the positive plate were investigated. The content of PbSO 4 and hydrated PbO 2 in positive active material (PAM) of lead acid batteries have been characterized by chemical analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experiment results prove that the contents of hydrated PbO 2 gradually decrease with the increase of PbSO 4 , and the maximum depth-of-discharge (DoD) for electrodes is determined. Through contrastive analysis of different types of electrodes, the relation between the content of hydrated PbO 2 and cycle life has been obtained. Using this method, the cycle life of new batteries could be predicted rapidly.

Role of Iron Impurity in Hydrometallurgical Recovery Process of Spent Lead-Acid Battery: Phase Transformation of Positive Material Made from Recovered Leady Oxide

“…The deconvoluted XPS spectra of O ls peak (Figure 9b) disclose the presence of three peaks at 531.5±0.2 eV (S-O from PbSO 4 ), 530.2±0.2 eV (O-H from hydrated PbO 2 ), and 529.3±0.2 eV (Pb-O from PbO 2 ). 12,32 As shown in Figure 9c, the peak area of O-H significantly decreased after the discharge ending of 3 rd cycle, owing to the transformation from PbO 2 into PbSO 4 . It indicates that the hydrated PbO 2 in gel zones was converted into PbSO 4 during discharge.…”

“…Previous studies have noted the importance of more microporous and smaller PbO 2 structure in the cycling performance of cells. 12 During the charge-discharge cycling, larger PbO 2 was unfavorable to the electrochemical and chemical reactions of the positive plates due to the extremely poor contact between the larger PbO 2 particles and electrolyte, i.e., the H + and HSO 4 ions. 12 As a result, the discharge capacity of the positive plate with larger PbO 2 particle was lower.…”

“…12 During the charge-discharge cycling, larger PbO 2 was unfavorable to the electrochemical and chemical reactions of the positive plates due to the extremely poor contact between the larger PbO 2 particles and electrolyte, i.e., the H + and HSO 4 ions. 12 As a result, the discharge capacity of the positive plate with larger PbO 2 particle was lower. In addition, the dense structure in PAM made from LO-0 is beneficial for high conductivity and mechanical strength of the plate.…”

“…11,12 Zhang et al have shown that the hydrated PbO 2 content was increased with the addition of SnSO 4 and Sb 2 O 3 into PAM. 12 Furthermore, during the charge-discharge cycles, (Sb 3 O 9 ) 3ions entered into the gel zones, thus enhanced the electron conductivity, and subsequently increased the electrode capacity. 13 Rogachev et al have established that the gel/crystal ratio of PbO 2 in PAM was increased with the addition of CaSO 4 .…”

2.8 V Aqueous Lead Dioxide–Zinc Rechargeable Battery Using H2SO4–K2SO4–KOH Three Electrolytes

“…One way is to use high equilibrium potential cathode and low equilibrium potential anode to widen the operating voltage window of aqueous batteries, for example, lead-acid battery [3][4][5] whose open-circuit voltage can reach to 2.05 V, benefiting from high equilibrium potential (1.69 V) of lead dioxide. For obtaining higher operating voltage, other anode metallic materials except Pb have been explored, such as Cu|H 2 SO 4 |PbO 2 (1.348 V) 6 and Cd|H 2 SO 4 |PbO 2 (2.088 V).…”