Influence of Humic Acids Extracted from Peat by Different Methods on Functional Activity of Macrophages in Vitro

Abstract

We studied activation of macrophages with humic acids extracted from peat of large deposits in the Tomsk region by two extraction methods: by hydroxide or sodium pyrophosphate. Humic acid of lowland peat types containing large amounts of aromatic carbon, phenolic and alcohol groups, carbohydrate residues and ethers, irrespectively of the extraction methods contained LPS admixture that probably determines their activating properties. Humic acid of upland peat types characterized by high content of carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups enhance NO production and reduce arginase expression, but these effects were minimized when sodium hydroxide was used as an extraction solvent. Pyrophosphate samples of the upland peat types were characterized by aromaticity and diversity of functional groups and have a significant advantage because of they induce specific endotoxin-independent stimulating action on antigen presenting cells.

Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Humic Acids Isolated from Peat of Various Origins

“…The van Krevelen diagram, created by plotting H/C versus O/C ( Figure 2 ), showed that the cluster of HAp fractions was located in a region with lower H/C values compared to the cluster of HAb fractions, indicating a higher content of aromatic and/or condensed aromatic molecules [ 45 , 46 ], which is supported by the UV-Vis (E4:E6) and IR (A 1610 /A 2920 ) spectroscopy analyses of these fractions. Notably, HAb and HAp isolated from low-mire peat samples with a high degree of decomposition (Peat 5–9) were characterized by more aromatic structures compared to HA fractions obtained from raised bog peat samples (Peat 1–4), which is consistent with our previous publications [ 11 , 39 ]. The HAb fractions were mainly aliphatic in nature and were comprised mainly of molecules having H/C values centered at 1.3–1.4 [ 47 ].…”

“…Regarding internal use, HAs have been shown to be particular useful in therapy for diarrhea, gastritis, stomach ulcers, dysentery, colitis, and diabetes mellitus [ 2 , 3 , 6 ]. HAs have been reported in a number of studies to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties [ 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Recently, we demonstrated that peat-derived HAs exhibited antihypoxic, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, and vasodilating activities [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Freshwater Sapropel: Biologically Active Components and Methods of Extraction

“…HA facilitates the regeneration of nervous tissues, stimulates the macrophage defence reactions and tissue reparation, as well produces an anti-inflammatory effect in the case of tissue burns and cornea diseases (Dolmaa et al, 2011;Rensburg, 2015). HA does not show toxic effects in a wide range of dosages tested in animal trials after oral administration or application onto the skin (De Melo et al, 2016;Trofimova et al, 2017;Almeida et al, 2019). However, the usage of HA in medicine is a tough task for pharmacists, because HAs have heterogenic structures, polydispersity and properties that depend on source material (Trofimova et al, 2017).…”

“…HA does not show toxic effects in a wide range of dosages tested in animal trials after oral administration or application onto the skin (De Melo et al, 2016;Trofimova et al, 2017;Almeida et al, 2019). However, the usage of HA in medicine is a tough task for pharmacists, because HAs have heterogenic structures, polydispersity and properties that depend on source material (Trofimova et al, 2017). Fulvic acid Another important HS fraction is FA; FAs are a combination of weak aliphatic and aromatic acids, which are soluble in any pH value (Belzile et al, 1997).…”

Extraction of Biologically Active Components From Freshwater Sapropel

“…Sapropel has a high heating capacity that makes it useful for topical applications in medicine and rehabilitation. It is proposed that the medical effects are due to its high heating capacity and a mixture of chemical elements, hormones, various organic acids and vitamins (C, B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, B12, E, D and P) found in sapropel [2], [4]being included in most of ancient Mediterranean/European medical texts and currently used to prepare therapeutic hot-muds (peloids.…”