Influence of glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet on the risk of overweight and adiposity in childhood

Abstract

Objective:To investigate the association between the glycemic index and the glycemic load of the diet with the risk of overweight and high adiposity in children with 5 years of age.Methods:Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 232 children born and living in Diamantina (MG, Brazil). Parents and/or guardians provided the food intake data, using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, past history and socioeconomic conditions. Anthropometric and fatness data were collected from the children. The dietary glycemic index and the glycemic load were calculated from the food intake. The glycemic index and glycemic load effect on overweight and adiposity in children was assessed by the Poisson regression (p<0.05).Results:The prevalence of overweight by body mass index was 17.3%, and high adiposity was observed in 3.4% and 6.9% by triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold, respectively. No difference was reported between the mean body mass index, triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold according to the glycemic index and glycemic load tertiles; however, the overweight group presented a higher carbohydrate intake (p=0.04). No association was found between glycemic index and glycemic load with overweight and adiposity among the children assessed.Conclusions:The glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet were not identified as risk factors for overweight and adiposity in this cross-sectional study.

Interaction of MC4R rs17782313 variants and dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality on basal metabolic rate and general and central obesity in overweight/obese women: a cross-sectional study

“…The relation of carbohydrate amount and quality in promoting obesity has been debating, with inconclusive epidemiologic results for the contribution of dietary carbohydrate intake, GL and GI to longterm weight gain (13,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Earlier reports from Asian (41) and Mediterranean (42) populations showed that carbohydrate-rich diets are not positively related to any measure of obesity.…”

“…In contrast, low GI and GL diets, because of the slower release of glucose and insulin after consumption, stimulate prolonged satiety, decrease food consumption, reduce fat storage by increasing fat oxidation and decreasing lipogenesis (13), limit the reduction in BMR in the fasting condition (14), and in turn may reduce the risk of obesity (15). Nevertheless, the relation of carbohydrate quality and quantity on obesity is currently unknown.…”

“…Nevertheless, the relation of carbohydrate quality and quantity on obesity is currently unknown. Studies investigating the association between measures of obesity and carbohydrates, GI or GL in the diet so far have reported inconsistent results, with positive, null, or negative relationships (13,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The diversity of these associations is possibly due to variations in genetic background and gene-diet interactions (21,22).…”

A New Concept in the Nutrition Therapy of Childhood Obesity: Food Insulin Index

“…Gİ, 50 gram sindirilebilir karbonhidrat içeren test besinin iki saat içerisinde oluşturduğu kan glukozu artış alanının, aynı miktarda sindirilebilir karbonhidrat içeren referans besinin (beyaz ekmek veya glukoz) oluşturduğu kan glukozu artış alanına oranı olarak tanımlanır (4,15). Bu parametre referans besinin glisemik yanıtıyla ilgili bir yüzdesel oranı ifade eder ve böylece karbonhidratın kalitesini yansıtır (16). Glisemik yük (GY) ise besinin Gİ ile sindirilebilir karbonhidrat miktarının (gram olarak) çarpımıdır ve bu sayede, karbonhidratın hem kalitesini hem de kantitesini birlikte ortaya koyar (16,17) (Şekil 1).…”

“…Besinlerin Gİ ve GY değerlerine göre sınıflandırılması(7) Yüksek Gİ (diyetin Gİ'inin >70 olması) ve GY'lü (diyetin GY'ünün >90 olması) diyetler hızlı bir şekilde sindirilir, emilir ve glukoza çevrilir. Bu süreç erken dönemde acıkma ile sonuçlanan, bu yüzden de besin alımında artışa neden olan kan insülin ve glukoz düzeylerindeki dalgalanmaları hızlandırır(16,18). Bununla birlikte, düşük Gİ ve GY'lü diyetler postprandiyal glukoz yanıtı azaltabilir, insülin sekresyonunu yavaşlatırlar, bu sayede artmış yağ oksidasyonuna, azalmış lipogenezise ve sonuç olarak azalmış besin alımıyla sonuçlanan artmış doygunluğa katkıda bulunurlar GY ile tip 2 diyabet riski arasında önemli bir negatif korelasyon rapor edilmiştir.…”