Influence of Environmental Temperature on 40 km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

Peiffer, Jeremiah J.; Abbiss, Christopher

doi:10.1123/ijspp.6.2.208

Cited by 64 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…While race dynamics are likely to increase the variability of exercise intensity within both draft-legal and non-draft-legal races, pacing could also be influenced by other external factors such as water currents, wind conditions,35,39,85 topography,10,42,85 environmental heat, and humidity 86. For example, a higher mean power output of 192±21 W was reported during women’s world cup flat cycling races, as compared with 169±17 W observed during hilly races 87.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Pacing In Triathlonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing pacing in triathlon

Wu¹,

Peiffer²,

Brisswalter³

et al. 2014

OAJSM

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Triathlon is a multisport event consisting of sequential swim, cycle, and run disciplines performed over a variety of distances. This complex and unique sport requires athletes to appropriately distribute their speed or energy expenditure (ie, pacing) within each discipline as well as over the entire event. As with most physical activity, the regulation of pacing in triathlon may be influenced by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The majority of current research focuses mainly on the Olympic distance, whilst much less literature is available on other triathlon distances such as the sprint, half-Ironman, and Ironman distances. Furthermore, little is understood regarding the specific physiological, environmental, and interdisciplinary effects on pacing. Therefore, this article discusses the pacing strategies observed in triathlon across different distances, and elucidates the possible factors influencing pacing within the three specific disciplines of a triathlon.

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Section: Factors Influencing Pacing In Triathlonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing pacing in triathlon

Wu¹,

Peiffer²,

Brisswalter³

et al. 2014

OAJSM

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“…Actually the evaluation of bio-climatological conditions and of thermal comfort in endurance sports, particularly in road cycling, is of fundamental importance not only for a proper planning of the training program and the nutritional plan, but also for a better evaluation of the race strategy [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Wind Data for Sports Performance Design: A Case Study for Sailing Sports

Pezzoli

Bellasio²

2014

Sports

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Environmental conditions affect outdoor sports performance. This is particularly true in some sports, especially in the sport of sailing, where environmental parameters are extremely influential as they interact directly with strategic analysis of the race area and then with strategic analysis of the performance itself. For these reasons, this research presents an innovative methodology for the strategic analysis of the race course that is based on the integrated assessment of meteorological data measured on the ground, meteorological data measured at sea during the training activities and the results of the CALMET model in hindcasting over a limited scale. The results obtained by the above analysis are then integrated into a graphical representation that provides to coaches and athletes the main strategic directions of the race course in a simple and easy-to-use way. The authors believe that the innovative methodology that has been adopted in the present research may represent a new approach to the integrated analysis of meteorological data on coastal environments. On the other hand, the results of this analysis, if presented with an appropriate technique of meta-communication adapted to the sport sectors, can be used effectively for the improvement of athletes' performances.

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“…Self-paced cycling, on the other hand, generally differs from that at a fixed intensity because the cyclist can adjust pace and power output according to feedback that helps regulate the rise in T c and better maintains thermal homeostasis (Tucker et al, 2004;Marino, 2004;Schlader et al, 2011). Time trial cycling performance, while self-paced, is similar to cycling to exhaustion in that it has been shown to be attenuated in hot compared to thermoneutral environmental conditions, due to factors related to thermoregulatory rather than metabolic factors (Tatterson et al, 2000;Altareki et al, 2009;Abbiss et al, 2010;Peiffer & Abbiss, 2011). For instance, central drive is down-regulated in response to elevated thermal strain (Nybo & Nielsen, 2001a;Nielsen & Nybo, 2003).…”

Section: Impact Of Heat Stress On Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 89%

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Al-Horani

Wingo

2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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The aim of this study was to investigate the separate and combined effects of precooling and warm-up on a subsequent cycling time trial in a hot environment. Nine healthy men (mean±SD age=24±5 years; body mass=74.7±4.5 kg; height=171.4±7.7 cm; body fat=12.9±5.2%) completed 3 simulated 16.1-km time trials on a cycle ergometer in a hot environment (~33 °C, 45% relative humidity) after: 1) 20 min of fluid ingestion (10 °C ) followed by 30 min of ice-slurry ingestion (-1 °C ) coupled with ice-vest (PREC), 2) 30 min of ice-slurry ingestion coupled with ice-vest followed by 20 min of warm-up including ice-slurry and ice-vest (COMBO), 3) 30 min of fluid ingestion (10 °C) followed by 20 min of warm-up (WU). At baseline, rectal temperature (T re ), mean skin temperature ( sk ), and mean body temperature ( b ) were similar among treatments (all P>0.05). After treatment administration and before the start of the time trial, T re was lower in PREC (36.1±0.3) and COMBO (36.9±0.4) compared to WU (37.6±0.2) (all P<0.05). sk and b were all lower in PREC than COMBO and WU, and were lower in COMBO than WU (all P<0.05). T re remained lower in PREC than WU throughout exercise and was lower in PREC than COMBO for the first 12 km (all P<0.01), while T re in COMBO remained lower than WU for the first 4 km. sk during PREC was lower than COMBO at 4 and 8 km and lower than WU at 0 and 4 km, while during COMBO it was lower than WU at 0 and 4 km (all P<0.05). Heart rate (HR) at baseline was lower in PREC than COMBO and WU (68±10, 106±12, 101±13 beats/min, respectively; P<0.001). During exercise, HR increased similarly among all treatments throughout exercise (all P>0.05). Local sweat rate (SR) was lower in PREC than COMBO and WU for the first 4 km (P < iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise is due to Allah, the entirely merciful; I thank him and praise him. He is the one who protects and guards me in the days when I work, and in the nights when I sleep. He amply bestowed his favors and bounties upon me, and gave me from all I asked of him, and if I should count his favors, surely I could not enumerate.Then, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Jonathan Wingo for his guidance, knowledge, patience, diligence, and dedication throughout this dissertation stages.He was very generous in teaching the procedures of research, from how to professionally use the laboratory equipment, to how to write a solid work of research. He has been sincere, respectful, and hardworking. I am also thankful to my dissertation committee, Dr. Philip Bishop, Dr. Mark Richardson, Dr. Edward Mansfield, and Dr. John Vincent. Their inputs, suggestions, and recommendations were very effective in directing the research into the right way. Also I thank them for their cooperation and sacrifices to finish this dissertation successfully.

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Influence of Environmental Temperature on 40 km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

Cited by 64 publications

References 31 publications

Factors influencing pacing in triathlon

Factors influencing pacing in triathlon

Analysis of Wind Data for Sports Performance Design: A Case Study for Sailing Sports

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

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