Influence of deposition strategy and heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 2319 aluminium WAAM components

Lopez, Maider Arana; Ukar, Eneko; Rodriguez, Iker; Aguilar, David; Álvarez, Pedro Gil

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110974

Cited by 54 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In addition, the tensile test results show that the mechanical properties of the as-deposited alloy are very close for the samples prepared at two different printing speeds, but those of the T6-treated sample prepared at the printing speed of 600 mm min −1 are significantly better than those of the sample prepared at the printing speed of 1200 mm min −1 . This result is mainly associated with the smaller average length and higher number density of θ” phase in the sample prepared at the printing speed of 600 mm min −1 as compared with those in the sample prepared at the printing speed of 1200 mm min −1 , which could result in better strengthening effect [37,38]. Moreover, the tensile test results of the T6-treated samples (Figure 6) also show that the anisotropy of the mechanical properties is more significant as compared to that of the as-deposited samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire-arc additive manufactured Al–Cu alloy: Microstructure, mechanical properties and their anisotropy

Miao

Chen

Ren³

et al. 2023

Materials Science and Technology

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The microstructure, mechanical properties and their anisotropies of wire-arc additive manufactured Al–Cu alloy at two different printing speeds were investigated, and post heat treatment is optimised. The results show that the grains are finer and the fraction of primary second phase is lower in the alloy prepared at the faster printing speed. The aging hardening response of the solution-treated sample is significantly faster than that of the direct-aging sample, and the peak hardness is higher. The mechanical properties of the as-deposited and T6-treated alloy both show anisotropy, and the latter one is more significant. The anisotropies are mainly attributed to the high porosity in inter-layer of the samples, and these pores are more significant for the T6-treated samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire-arc additive manufactured Al–Cu alloy: Microstructure, mechanical properties and their anisotropy

Miao

Chen

Ren³

et al. 2023

Materials Science and Technology

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“…Figure 3 shows the layout of the tensile testing specimens. Anisotropy is critical in layer-by-layer processes [ 46 ]. In this case, all specimens were cut in the same direction, as shown in Figure 3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 5356 Aluminum Walls Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

et al. 2023

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is renowned for its high deposition rate, enabling the production of large parts. However, the process has challenges such as porosity formation, residual stresses, and cracking when manufacturing aluminum parts. This study focuses on ana-lyzing the porosity of AA5356 walls manufactured using the WAAM process with the Fronius cold metal transfer system (Wels, Austria). The walls were machined to obtain specimens for tensile testing. The study used computed tomography and the tensile test to analyze the specimens’ porosity and its potential relation to tensile strength. The process parameters analyzed were travel speed, cooling time, and path strategy. In conclusion, increasing travel speed and cooling time significantly affects pore diameter due to the lower heat input to the weld zone. Porosity can be reduced when diminishing heat accumulation. The results indicate that an increase in travel speed produces a slight decrease in porosity. Specifically, the total pore volume diminishes from 0.42 to 0.36 mm3 when increasing the travel speed from 700 to 950 mm/min. The ultimate tensile strength and maximum elongation of the ‘back and forth’ strategy are slightly higher than those of the ‘go’ strategy. After tensile testing, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength did not show any relation to the porosity measured by computed tomography. The percentage of the pore total volume over the measured volume was lower than 0.12% for all the scanned specimens.

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“…Precipitation hardening consisted of solution annealing, quenching and aging (Figure 1(b)). Conventional solution annealing for this type of steel is typically done at 1038°C/1 h [14], however it has been reported that WAAM-specific microstructure requires custom heat treatment parameters [22]. Therefore, to find the optimal parameters for WAAM, solution annealing was done at three different temperatures (1040°C; 1105°C; 1170°C) and three different times (0,5 h; 1,5 h; 2,5 h).…”

Section: Heat Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be emphasised that special phenomena occur during WAAM, and therefore resulting material properties vary greatly from both: conventionally manufactured parts and parts made with other AM technologies [20]. Solution heat treatment parameters for 15-5 PH are known for traditionally manufactured PH steels [21], however WAAM-specific microstructure typically requires different heat treatment parameters [22]. Guo et al [23] investigated the effect of solution heat treatment of 15-5 PH WAAM samples on hardness, microstructure and tensile strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of precipitation hardening for 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel produced by wire arc directed energy deposition

Ščetinec

Klobčar

Nagode

et al. 2023

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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This paper discusses directed energy deposition of 15-5 PH, which was successfully tailored with precipitation hardening (PH) to achieve the desired properties. Parametric analysis of solution annealing and aging at various time and temperature combinations was performed. Material characterisation was done in the as-deposited, solution annealed, and PH states. Investigations included microscopy, SEM/EDS, fractography, hardness, tensile, and impact toughness test. The as-deposited microstructure was composed of martensite laths along with delta ferrite. Optimisation of solution annealing was mandatory to achieve homogeneous austenite, which allowed PH. PH resulted in similar properties compared to conventionally produced steel. Peak aging resulted in 450 HV10 and an Rm of 1350 MPa, while the over-aged condition resulted in an impact toughness of over 77 J/cm 2 .

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Influence of deposition strategy and heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 2319 aluminium WAAM components

Cited by 54 publications

References 18 publications

Wire-arc additive manufactured Al–Cu alloy: Microstructure, mechanical properties and their anisotropy

Wire-arc additive manufactured Al–Cu alloy: Microstructure, mechanical properties and their anisotropy

Characterization of 5356 Aluminum Walls Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

Optimisation of precipitation hardening for 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel produced by wire arc directed energy deposition

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