“…[19][20][21] On the other hand, the tool-chip contact length could affect and be related to several essential factors in the cutting process (such as the tool life, chip form, tool temperature, cutting forces, tool stability, surface finish, and energy consumption). Previous work has shown a clear proportional relationship between the contact length and the chip compression ratio, 20) the radius of chip curvature, 22) and tool wear. 23) Thus, investigations of the tool-chip contact length will give quite much information about the effect of NMIs on the machining performance.…”