Influence of Cervical Spine Position, Turning Time, and Cervical Segment on Cadaver Intradiscal Pressure During Cervical Spinal Manipulative Therapy

Real-Time Monitoring of Stresses and Displacements in Cervical Nuclei Pulposi During Cervical Spine Manipulation: A Finite Element Model Analysis

“…The detailed steps of this technique were adopted from previous literature. 4,24 The direction of rotation to simulate CSM was set to right. All of the quantized mechanical parameters in the computer program to simulate CSM were adopted from preliminary studies.…”

“…All of the quantized mechanical parameters in the computer program to simulate CSM were adopted from preliminary studies. 4,[24][25][26][27][28] First, downward vertical forces of 100 N were loaded to the cervical spine specimen to simulate gravitational force exerted on it by the head. Next, upward vertical forces of 200 N were applied to it simulating traction of CSM.…”

“…(J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2014;37:561-568) W ith an increase in rates of cervical spinal diseases in recent years, 1 increasing populations worldwide tend to receive cervical spinal manipulation (CSM) therapy with assured efficacy. [2][3][4] According to the British and Scottish Chiropractic Associations, about 2.25 million people adopt CSM therapy on an annual basis. 5 Chiropractors delivered close to 135 million neck manipulations over a 10-year period between 1988 and 1997 in Canada, 6 and approximately 18 to 38 million Americans sought CSM therapy in about a year.…”

“…Generally speaking, CSM typically combines stretching and rotation. 4 The direction of rotation, however, barely receives any attention during CSM. Because most cervical intervertebral (IV) disks in patients receiving CSM have already prolapsed to either side, rotations can be directed in 3 different ways; toward the healthy side, toward the affected or the prolapsed side, or both.…”

“…4,8,9 There was an earlier assumption that lumbar spinal manipulation (SM) could restore a herniated disk to its normal position, which now has been ruled out. 10 Another theory, 11 with some support, 12,13 assumes that compression of the nerve root is relieved by a small displacement between it and the prolapsed IV disk during lumbar SM.…”