Influence of Birth Weight on Educational Outcomes at Age 9

Hollomon, Holly A.; Scott, Keith G.

doi:10.1097/00004703-199812000-00003

Cited by 26 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The value of early identification of children with developmental delays has been well documented (Ramey et al, 1992;Shonkoffet al, 1992;Brooks-Gunn et al, 1994;McCarton et al, 1997;Hollomon & Scott, 1998;McCormick et al, 1998;Campbell et al, 2002). Not many studies in India have explored the barriers in providing early intervention services so as to facilitate inclusive development of children with disability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to Early Diagnosis, Intervention and Social Integration of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Qualitative Study from Rural Villages and a Poor Urban Settlement of Bangalore, South India.

George

Norman

Benjamin

et al. 2014

DCID

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Purpose: Children with developmental disabilities, if given skilled early intervention, have the potential to lead productive lives and can contribute to the social and economic development of their communities. This study explores the barriers to early diagnosis and intervention for children with developmental disabilities who live in rural and urban areas of Bangalore city, India. Methods: The study was conducted in selected villages of Devanahalli Taluk in Bangalore Rural District, and in Devara Jeevanahalli (DJ Halli), a shanty town in Bangalore city. The qualitative study design consisted of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs).Parents of children with developmental disabilities, doctors practising in the area and school teachers were interviewed using a purposive sampling framework. An inductive, data-driven thematic analysis was carried out. Results: The physician-related barriers were identified as lack of skills and understanding of children with developmental disabilities, lack of knowledge and resources, lack of specialist backup services, and communication difficulties with regard to conveying bad news to clients. Parent-related barriers were financial constraints, delay in accepting the diagnosis, and prevalent myths, beliefs and stigma pertaining to disability. The teachers viewed children with special needs as an additional responsibility, and were also apprehensive about the attitudes and interaction of other children at school with children with disabilities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers to Early Diagnosis, Intervention and Social Integration of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Qualitative Study from Rural Villages and a Poor Urban Settlement of Bangalore, South India.

George

Norman

Benjamin

et al. 2014

DCID

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“…Small babies are more likely to die suddenly and unexpectedly in the first year of life [2]. They will also be less successful at attaining appropriate academic grades at school [3]. Infants who are small for gestational age are more likely to develop high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems in later life [4, 5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth weight differences between those offered financial voucher incentives for verified smoking cessation and control participants enrolled in the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT), employing an intuitive approach and a Complier Average Causal Effects (CACE) analysis

McConnachie

Haig

Sinclair

et al. 2017

Trials

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BackgroundThe Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT), which offered financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy showed a clinically and statistically significant improvement in cessation. However, infant birth weight was not seen to be affected. This study re-examines birth weight using an intuitive and a complier average causal effects (CACE) method to uncover important information missed by intention-to-treat analysis.MethodsCPIT offered financial incentives up to £400 to pregnant smokers to quit. With incentives, 68 women (23.1%) were confirmed non-smokers at primary outcome, compared to 25 (8.7%) without incentives, a difference of 14.3% (Fisher test, p < 0.0001). For this analysis, randomised groups were split into three theoretical sub-groups: independent quitters - quit without incentives, hardened smokers - could not quit even with incentives and potential quitters - required the addition of financial incentives to quit. Viewed in this way, the overall birth weight gain with incentives is attributable only to potential quitters. We compared an intuitive approach to a CACE analysis.ResultsMean birth weight of potential quitters in the incentives intervention group (who therefore quit) was 3338 g compared with potential quitters in the control group (who did not quit) 3193 g. The difference attributable to incentives, was 3338 – 3193 = 145 g (95% CI −617, +803). The mean difference in birth weight between the intervention and control groups was 21 g, and the difference in the proportion who managed to quit was 14.3%. Since the intervention consisted of the offer of incentives to quit smoking, the intervention was received by all women in the intervention group. However, “compliance” was successfully quitting with incentives, and the CACE analysis yielded an identical result, causal birth weight increase 21 g ÷ 0.143 = 145 g.ConclusionsPolicy makers have great difficulty giving pregnant women money to stop smoking. This study indicates that a small clinically insignificant improvement in average birth weight is likely to hide an important clinically significant increase in infants born to pregnant smokers who want to stop but cannot achieve smoking cessation without the addition of financial voucher incentives.Trial RegistrationISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN87508788. Registered on 1 September 2011.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2053-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Early developmental intervention programs post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairments in preterm infants

Spittle

Orton

Doyle

et al. 2007

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

198

144

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Influence of Birth Weight on Educational Outcomes at Age 9

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Barriers to Early Diagnosis, Intervention and Social Integration of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Qualitative Study from Rural Villages and a Poor Urban Settlement of Bangalore, South India.

Barriers to Early Diagnosis, Intervention and Social Integration of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Qualitative Study from Rural Villages and a Poor Urban Settlement of Bangalore, South India.

Birth weight differences between those offered financial voucher incentives for verified smoking cessation and control participants enrolled in the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT), employing an intuitive approach and a Complier Average Causal Effects (CACE) analysis

Early developmental intervention programs post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairments in preterm infants

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