Influence of biological origin on the tensile properties of cellulose nanopapers

Kontturi, Katri S.; Lee, Koon‐Yang; Jones, Mitchell P.; Sampson, William W.; Bismarck, Alexander; Kontturi, Eero

doi:10.1007/s10570-021-03935-2

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…With increased refining tensile index and sheet density increased to above 100 Nm/g and 1000 kg/m 3 , respectively. A similar trend to this was observed with increasing grammage of nanopaper samples (Kontturi et al 2021 ). Increases in tensile index and ductility have been also reported with an increase in hemicellulose content (Chen et al 2020 ; Taylor et al 2020 ) but for our samples the chemical composition was not varied.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Nanocellulose is relatively cheap and can be obtained from biodegradable feedstocks like wood and other lignocellulosics rendering it highly suitable for sustainable barrier material development. There has been extensive work done based on the chemical composition of original starting pulp, mainly the hemicellulose content, which makes a difference in porosity, strength and barrier properties of the final nanopaper product (Chen et al 2020 ; Kontturi et al 2021 ; Taylor et al 2020 ). However, there have been no investigations reported for nanocellulose which talks about scalability, energy consumption requirement for reaching good barrier properties comparable with plastic-based films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and benchmarking of novel cellulose nanopaper

et al. 2022

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Synthetic polymers and plastics which are currently used as barrier materials in packaging applications are neither renewable nor biodegradable. Nanopaper, which is obtained by breaking down cellulose fibers into nanoscale particles, have unique properties with the potential to replace synthetic packaging materials, but requires very high energy to mechanically process the fibers into nanopaper. This research investigates whether refining alone can be used to produce nanopaper with sufficient quality for packaging applications. Nanopaper was produced from Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft (BEK) refined with a PFI mill and from Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) refined in a pilot disc refiner. Both trials found a plateau for oxygen permeability and water vapour permeability that was reached after 1800 kWh/t and 12,000 kWh/t for refining in the pilot disc refiner and PFI mill, respectively. Refining beyond these optima produced either little or no reduction in permeability, while increasing the drainage time to form a sheet. However, elastic modulus, strain at break and sheet light transmittance did continue to increase. The plateau oxygen permeability of ~ 1.24 (cc µm)/(m2 day kPa) is 1–3 orders of magnitude lower than the oxygen permeability for PET and LDPE, respectively, while the plateau water vapour permeability ~ 3 × 10–11 g/m.s. Pa was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than for PET and LDPE. The improved strength and barrier properties of nanopaper achieved at lab and pilot scale mechanical refining process promises a sustainable alternative to conventional packaging. Graphical abstract

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and benchmarking of novel cellulose nanopaper

et al. 2022

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“…This specific attribute of nanocellulose opens new applications that cannot be achieved with pulp fibres. The high surface area of nanocellulose leads to large number of contact points between adjacent fibres, which in turn gives rise to cellulose nanopaper with superior mechanical properties over conventional paper (Mao et al, 2017;Kontturi et al, 2021) that can be used as two-dimensional reinforcement for polymers (Santmarti et al, 2019;Santmarti et al, 2020). The high surface area of nanocellulose also leads to higher coverage of micrometre-sized natural or waste fibres, binding them into robust and rigid fibreboards (Lee et al, 2014b;Fortea-Verdejo et al, 2016;Vilchez et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the BET Surface Area of Nanocellulose Determined Using Volumetric, Gravimetric and Chromatographic Adsorption Methods

et al. 2021

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Volumetric N2 adsorption at −196°C is generally accepted as “gold standard” for estimating the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of nanocellulose. It is unclear however, whether the BET surface area of nanocellulose obtained at such low temperatures and pressures is meaningful at an absolute sense, as nanocellulose is used at ambient temperature and pressure. In this work, a systematic evaluation of the BET surface area of nanocellulose using highly crystalline bacterial cellulose (BC) as model nanocellulose was undertaken to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the limitations of BET method for nanocellulose. BET surface area obtained using volumetric N2 adsorption at −196°C was compared with the BET surface area acquired from gravimetric experiments based on n-octane adsorption using dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) and n-octane adsorption determined by inverse gas chromatography (iGC), both at 25°C. It was found that the BET surface area calculated from volumetric N2 adsorption data was 25% lower than that of n-octane adsorption at 25°C obtained using DVS and iGC adsorption methods. These results supported the hypothesis that the BET surface area of nanocellulose is both a molecular scale (N2vs n-octane, molecular cross section of 0.162 nm2vs 0.646 nm2) and temperature (−196°C vs 25°C) dependent property. This study also demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate BET pressure range based on established criteria and would suggest that room temperature measurement is more relevant for many nanocellulose applications.

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“…These NFC papers produced highlight the material’s potential of elephant manure even without the previous production of methane from the material. The tensile properties are on par or even outperformed nanocellulose papers produced from high-grade biomass, such as wood as well as NFC papers from agricultural waste reported in the literature. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Excellence in Excrements: Upcycling of Herbivore Manure into Nanocellulose and Biogas

Weiland

Wlcek

Krexner

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The demand for animal products has significantly increased over the past decades as a result of the growing population and the heightened standards of living. Increased livestock farming does not only yield desired products but also significant quantities of wastes, particularly manure whose storage and application are being monitored with a tightening network of regulations. The problem is that manure is considered merely as a substrate for biogas production or as a fertilizer, whereas the substantial portion of fibers residing in herbivore manure has remained underutilized. Here, we propose a manure management system, in which not only biogas and fertilizer precursors but also high-value materials in the form of (nano)cellulose are produced. We show that high biogas yields can be achieved for elephant manure and the remaining substrate enables effortless isolation of cellulose nanofibers, leading to a significant reduction of the environmental impact compared with traditional systems based on wood.

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Influence of biological origin on the tensile properties of cellulose nanopapers

Cited by 33 publications

References 40 publications

Preparation and benchmarking of novel cellulose nanopaper

Preparation and benchmarking of novel cellulose nanopaper

On the BET Surface Area of Nanocellulose Determined Using Volumetric, Gravimetric and Chromatographic Adsorption Methods

Excellence in Excrements: Upcycling of Herbivore Manure into Nanocellulose and Biogas

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