Influence of binder float length on the out-of-plane and axial impact performance of 3D woven composites

Ralph, Calvin; Dahale, Monali; Neale, Geoffrey; Ramaswamy, Karthik; McCarthy, Michael A.; Yoo, Sanghyun; Toso, Nathalie; Kelly, John; McGarrigle, Cormac; Archer, Edward; Harkin‐Jones, Eileen; McIlhagger, Alistair

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106459

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39 Within weaving itself, the approach of three-dimensional (3D) weaving, where a through-thickness binder yarn is incorporated into a multilayer fabric during the weaving process, could prove an attractive solution, having already shown significant improvement in delamination resistance and fabric stability within composite materials. [40][41][42] Hybrid multi-ply systems Further residual velocity ballistics tests were conducted on double-and triple-ply hybrid systems where dissimilar fabrics were selected and stacked together. To compare the directionality of the systems, each combination of fabrics was tested with both faces independently used as the target's strike face.…”

Section: Homogenous Multi-ply Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of soft armor: the response of homogenous and hybrid multi-ply para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabrics under ballistic impact

Ralph,

Baker,

Archer

et al. 2023

Textile Research Journal

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This research investigated the ballistic response of homogenous and hybrid multi-ply fabrics toward developing a full-scale hybridized soft armor system. Fabrics with varying yarn and thread counts were manufactured from para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene yarns through a plain-woven architecture. Homogeneous fabrics used the same yarn and thread count for two- and three-ply systems. For hybrid systems, two- and three-ply stacks were assembled in various sequences including increasing and decreasing cover factor ( Cfab) and varying yarn types as the strike face and rear face. Ballistic impact testing was performed on all fabrics at low (340 m s−1) and high velocity (620 m s−1). Observations and measurements were performed to determine failure mechanisms, energy absorption, transverse wave propagation, and system effects of multi-ply systems. Hybrid systems showed significant differences in specific energy absorbed (SEA), dependent on the layer order. The para-aramid hybrid systems impacted at 340 m·s−1 showed a significantly greater SEA when the fabrics were ordered with an increasing rather than a decreasing cover factor. At 620 m·s−1 the difference in SEA was less pronounced or absent entirely. It was concluded that hybridization would enhance the performance of a soft armor system and was likely to be most effective for the rear layers of the system where fabrics with a progressively increasing cover factor that were manufactured of fine (550 dTex) para-aramid yarns would offer an advantage. The front layers of the system, subjected to higher strain loading, would benefit from low cover factor fabrics (0.76), which maximize the dissipation of strain from the point of impact.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Homogenous Multi-ply Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of soft armor: the response of homogenous and hybrid multi-ply para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabrics under ballistic impact

Ralph,

Baker,

Archer

et al. 2023

Textile Research Journal

Self Cite

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“…Furthermore, the 3D orthogonal composite showed higher fiber straightness and axial mechanical property when compared to 2.5D and 3D interlayer composites. He et al 11 and Ralph et al 12 discovered that the z ‐yarn configuration affected the compression properties. Overall, these studies highlight the complexity of the factors that influence the compression performance of 3D woven composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Out‐of‐plane compression properties and failure mechanism of gradient 3D woven composites

2023

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Gradient three‐dimensional (3D) orthogonal preforms with low‐ and high‐density regions were manufactured through the flexible oriented 3D woven process (FO3DWP) at different fiber volume fractions and z‐yarn contents. The layer porosity distribution of preforms was regulated by modifying fiber tension and measured using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) technology. After impregnation with epoxy resin, the out‐of‐plane compression properties of gradient 3D woven composites were evaluated. The results indicated that the out‐of‐plane compression strength could be improved by the gradient design. In particular, the gradient composite with a fiber volume fraction of 0.46 and z‐yarn volume fraction of 0.05 exhibited the highest compression strength at 470 MPa. Furthermore, failure morphologies were analyzed using micro‐fracture photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gradient design efficiently protected the interface between z‐directional fibers and the matrix by minimizing z‐yarn bending. However, the compression strength of 3D woven composites decreased as the z‐yarn content increased from 0.05 to 0.15, due to the increased bending of the z‐directional fibers during the compression test.

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“…By comparison, 3D woven composites dissipated over twice the energy of 2D laminates. Ralph et al [ 25 ] revealed that minor changes in binder float-length can significantly influence both out-of-plane and in-plane impact performance of 3D woven composites. Out-of-plane drop-weight impact showed the increases in float-length declined energy absorption in warp direction with no significant changes in weft, while higher float length showed higher crush force efficiency and specific energy absorption in axial impact tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromechanisms and Characterization of Low-Velocity Impact Damage in 3D Woven Composites

et al. 2022

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Low-velocity impact (LVI) damage of 3D woven composites were experimentally and numerically investigated, considering different off-axis angles and impact energies. The impact responses were examined by LVI tests, and the damage morphology inside the composites was observed by X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). Yarn-level damage evolution was revealed by developing a hybrid finite element analysis model. The results show that the impact damage has significant directionality determined by the weft/warp orientation of the composites. The damage originates at the bottom of the impacted area and then expands outwards and upwards simultaneously, accompanied by in-plane and out-of-plane stress transfers. The straight-line distributed weft/warp yarns play an important role in bearing loads at the beginning of loading, while the w-shape distributed binder warp yarns gradually absorb impact deformation and toughen the whole structure as the loading proceeds. The effect of directional impact damage on post-impact performance was explored by performing compressing-after-impact (CAI) tests. It is revealed that the CAI properties along principal directions are more sensitive to the low-velocity impact, and the damage mode is significantly affected by the loading direction.

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Influence of binder float length on the out-of-plane and axial impact performance of 3D woven composites

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Optimization of soft armor: the response of homogenous and hybrid multi-ply para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabrics under ballistic impact

Optimization of soft armor: the response of homogenous and hybrid multi-ply para-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabrics under ballistic impact

Out‐of‐plane compression properties and failure mechanism of gradient 3D woven composites

Micromechanisms and Characterization of Low-Velocity Impact Damage in 3D Woven Composites

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