“…Alkali/alkaline earth borate glasses doped with transition metal elements, rare earth elements or both attracted the interest of researchers due to the importance of these glasses in developing many technological applications such as solid-state lasers, solar energy converters, optical fibers, and electronic devices [1][2][3]. Barium borate glasses have acquired great importance due to their unique optical properties, low melting point, high thermal and mechanical stability, and good solubility of rare earth ions as well as transition metals [4][5][6]. The fundamental structural units of borate-based glasses are trigonal BO 3 and tetrahedral BO 4 which can combine to form different structural groups such as diborates, tetraborates, orthoborates, pentaborates, metaborates, and boroxol rings.…”