Influence of anodizing conditions on generation of internal cracks in anodic porous tin oxide films grown in NaOH electrolyte

Zaraska, Leszek; Gawlak, Karolina; Gurgul, Magdalena; Dziurka, Magdalena; Nowak, Marlena; Gilek, Dominika; Sulka, Grzegorz D.

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.188

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Secondly, the curve recorded during anodization of the Sn foam exhibits a significantly different and unusual shape. For both types of substrates, a current density drop caused by the formation of the compact passive oxide layer is observed immediately after applying the potential and it is followed by the current rise, being an indication of the pore formation (for detailed discussion of current density shapes and particular stages of anodization, please refer to our previous works [24,32,44,45]). After about 100 s of anodization of the Sn foil, a steady-state current is reached, and no significant changes are noticeable until the end of the process.…”

Section: Anodic Oxidation Of Sn Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams

et al. 2020

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A simple two-step electrochemical method for the fabrication of a new type of hierarchical Sn/SnOx micro/nanostructures is proposed for the very first time. Firstly, porous metallic Sn foams are grown on Sn foil via hydrogen bubble-assisted electrodeposition from an acidulated tin chloride electrolyte. As-obtained metallic foams consist of randomly distributed dendrites grown uniformly on the entire metal surface. The estimated value of pore diameter near the surface is ~35 µm, while voids with a diameter of ~15 µm appear in a deeper part of the deposit. Secondly, a layer of amorphous nanoporous tin oxide (with a pore diameter of ~60 nm) is generated on the metal surface by its anodic oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte (1 M NaOH) at the potential of 4 V for various durations. It is confirmed that if only optimal conditions are applied, the dendritic morphology of the metal foam does not change significantly, and an open-porous structure is still preserved after anodization. Such kinds of hierarchical nanoporous Sn/SnOx systems are superhydrophilic, contrary to those obtained by thermal oxidation of metal foams which are hydrophobic. Finally, the photoelectrochemical activity of the nanostructured metal/metal oxide electrodes is also presented.

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Section: Anodic Oxidation Of Sn Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams

et al. 2020

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“…In summary, nanoporous tin oxide layers with various morphologies have been prepared by a typical potentiostatic anodization and some growth mechanisms have also been proposed. − In 2011, Wang et al proposed a thermodynamic model to explain the pore growth mechanism in the Sn anodizing process. The formation of a porous SnO 2 structure requires the concurrent occurrence of two reactions: for the anodic formation of SnO 2 (Sn + 4OH – → SnO 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e – ) and the chemical dissolution of the same oxide (SnO 2 + 2NaOH → Na 2 SnO 3 + H 2 O) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27−31 Indeed, it verified the prediction of Liu and co-workers 17 that vigorous gas evolution possibly plays a significant role in creating an irregular porous structure. In 2018, Zaraska et al 26 discussed in detail how anodizing conditions influence the internal cracks in anodic porous tin oxide films grown in a NaOH electrolyte. Based on the oxygen bubble mold effect and the viscous flow of oxides, the process of pore formation at the beginning of Sn anodization was studied in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth Model of the Tin Anodizing Process and the Capacitive Performance of Porous Tin Oxides

Niu

et al. 2020

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Nanoporous tin oxide layers were fabricated in NaOH during potentiostatic anodization at a low potential. With increasing potential, the nanochannel became fragmentized and a stacked morphology was formed. The total anodizing current was separated into ionic current and electronic current to explain the various morphologies of nanotubes. The ionic current determines ion migration and oxide growth. The electronic current determines oxygen evolution, porous structure formation, and oxide volume expansion. The continuous decline of the total current–time curve at 8 V was explained by a capacitor model. Through cyclic voltammetry, it was proposed that the stacked morphology exhibits a high specific capacitance (11.36 mF cm–2). Extending the annealing time can increase the crystallinity, thus improving the capacitive performance. The stacked morphology allows electrolytes to permeate the entire portion of the nanochannel more evenly, increasing the effective surface area of the electrode in the electrochemical process and thus improving the capacitive properties. The formation of a stacked morphology is related to the intense release of oxygen gas.

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“…Lower applied voltages lead to a surface passivation by precipitation of tin oxalate , . The formation of porous tin oxide structures in alkaline solution was studied under various conditions . Schmuki and co‐workers introduced an anodization approach in an acetonitrile/water mixture‐based electrolyte containing Na 2 S and NH 4 F to obtain functional, high‐aspect ratio, ordered tin oxide films with regular nanochannel structures and top‐open pores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Organized Arrays of SnO₂ Microplates with Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties

et al. 2019

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Porous anodic metal oxides have been widely used for the development of various functional nanostructures. So far, these self-organized pore structures were prepared as hexagonal arrangements of nanopores, which have become a popular template system for the fabrication of functional nanostructures. Here we report a new oxalic acid-based anodization process for long-range ordered arrays of submicrometer tin dioxide plates at low applied voltages in buffered solution, which prevents the precipitation of SnC 2 O 4 on the Sn anode surface. The chemical composition of the surface SnO 2 was established [a]

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Influence of anodizing conditions on generation of internal cracks in anodic porous tin oxide films grown in NaOH electrolyte

Cited by 29 publications

References 37 publications

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams

Growth Model of the Tin Anodizing Process and the Capacitive Performance of Porous Tin Oxides

Self‐Organized Arrays of SnO₂ Microplates with Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties

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Influence of anodizing conditions on generation of internal cracks in anodic porous tin oxide films grown in NaOH electrolyte

Cited by 29 publications

References 37 publications

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams

Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams

Growth Model of the Tin Anodizing Process and the Capacitive Performance of Porous Tin Oxides

Self‐Organized Arrays of SnO2 Microplates with Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties

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Self‐Organized Arrays of SnO₂ Microplates with Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Properties