Influence of an interpolated electric shock upon recall.

White, Megan

doi:10.1037/h0075450

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Hippocampal connections with the amygdala are thought to mediate this memory enhancement (Roozendaal, 2002; Roozendaal et al, 2006). In line with this: recognition of paired word associates (Chiles, 1958; Singh et al, 1979) and free recall of word lists (White, 1932) is greater when subjects are at risk of shock [but see Weymar et al (2013) for a null finding]. From an evolutionary standpoint, it is fitting that threatening environments may lead to better declarative memory of such experiences, so that similar situations in the future can be recognized as such and avoided.…”

Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 80%

The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies

Robinson¹,

Vytal²,

Cornwell³

et al. 2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

466

429

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Anxiety disorders constitute a sizeable worldwide health burden with profound social and economic consequences. The symptoms are wide-ranging; from hyperarousal to difficulties with concentrating. This latter effect falls under the broad category of altered cognitive performance which is the focus of this review. Specifically, we examine the interaction between anxiety and cognition focusing on the translational threat of unpredictable shock paradigm; a method previously used to characterize emotional responses and defensive mechanisms that is now emerging as valuable tool for examining the interaction between anxiety and cognition. In particular, we compare the impact of threat of shock on cognition in humans to that of pathological anxiety disorders. We highlight that both threat of shock and anxiety disorders promote mechanisms associated with harm avoidance across multiple levels of cognition (from perception to attention to learning and executive function)—a “hot” cognitive function which can be both adaptive and maladaptive depending upon the circumstances. This mechanism comes at a cost to other functions such as working memory, but leaves some functions, such as planning, unperturbed. We also highlight a number of cognitive effects that differ across anxiety disorders and threat of shock. These discrepant effects are largely seen in “cold” cognitive functions involving control mechanisms and may reveal boundaries between adaptive (e.g., response to threat) and maladaptive (e.g., pathological) anxiety. We conclude by raising a number of unresolved questions regarding the role of anxiety in cognition that may provide fruitful avenues for future research.

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Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 80%

The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies

Robinson¹,

Vytal²,

Cornwell³

et al. 2013

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

466

429

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The fact that emotional reactions induced by electric shock (Harden,30,McGeoch,46,White,80) and unpleasant feelings induced by U odors (Frank and Ludvigh,20) can produce some retroaction in laboratory situations lends support to the hypothesis. 4 Further, the frequently observed amnesia for the traumatic experience itself (1,42) may be a form of proactive inhibition which is related to the laboratory examples of this phenomenon in much the same way that it is suggested retrograde amnesia and emotional retroaction are related.…”

Section: Faulty Reproduction : Retroactive Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Functional abnormalities of memory with special reference to amnesia.

Sears¹

1936

Psychological Bulletin

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“…Both Harden (38) and McGeoch (69) found slight indications of retroaction from the interpolation of reading plus shock. White (135) presented a list of 15 three-letter nouns once to each of 30 subjects, after which the subject either was given an electric shock (with galvanic deflection recorded) and then read for 12 minutes or else read immediately for 12 minutes. After a recall test he read for 5 minutes, and then the above procedure was repeated until each subject had seen 4 lists after 2 of which he was shocked.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retroactive inhibition: a review of the literature.

Britt¹

1935

Psychological Bulletin

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All studies, experimental and theoretical, through December, 1934, are reviewed under the following heads: I. Definition of the concept. II. Importance as a major condition in forgetting. III. Early experimental work [especially by Müller and Pilzecker]. IV. Determining conditions: similarity between original and interpolated activity [many studies]; the time interval; amount of material; degree of learning; amount of material for the interpolated activity; degree of learning of interpolated activity; amount of practice; diurnal variations and fatigue; intervals of sleep; mental set, hypnosis, suggestion; nature of the learning material (verbal, meaningful, etc.); electric shock, emotional or sensory disturbance in original learning; electric shock, emotional or sensory disturbance interpolated; transfer of training; retroactive inhibition within a series; subjects; methods of measurement (recognition, etc.). V. Summary of conclusions from experimental data. VI. Theories: the perseveration, the transfer, and the disruption hypotheses; views of other investigators. A bibliography of 141 titles is appended.

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Influence of an interpolated electric shock upon recall.

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies

The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies

Functional abnormalities of memory with special reference to amnesia.

Retroactive inhibition: a review of the literature.

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