Influence of ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ramie fiber‐reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites

Abstract

Fully degradable natural fiber/degradable polymer composites have received much research attention and have various applications such as in automotive components. But flammability limits their application; it is important to improve the flame retardancy of fully degradable composites with environmentally friendly flame retardants. Flame‐retarded ramie fiber‐reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were prepared using three processes: (1) PLA was blended with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and then the resulting flame‐retarded PLA was combined with ramie fibers; (2) ramie fibers underwent flame‐retardant treatment with APP, which were then compounded with PLA; and (3) PLA and ramie, both of which had been flame‐retarded using APP, were blended together. The APP in the composites is shown to be very effective in improving flame retardancy according UL94 test and limiting oxygen index measurements. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the improved flame retardancy is due to increased char residue at high temperature. The loading of APP disturbs the compatibility between PLA and fibers, which can be directly observed using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore it has an influence on the dynamic mechanical properties and mechanical properties according dynamic mechanical analysis and mechanical measurements. The results show that composites produced using the third process not only have the best flame retardancy but also comparatively better mechanical properties. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

“…The phenomenon in tensile and flexural strengths and moduli implies a possible 'hybrid' effect when both the natural fibre reinforcement and the matrix contain phosphorus also confirmed by the micrographs of the fracture surfaces. Similar observations were drawn in the case of thermoplastic starch [9], and also in the case of PLA combined with TPS [17].…”

“…The untreated (NHF) fabric and the sol-gel treated (SiHF) fabric were the most thermally stable, their degradation starts at about 270 °C, and is only slightly affected by the treatment [24]. The thermotex treatment (applying ammonium phosphate) decreased the initial degradation temperature by more than 60 °C, as expected [9,25]. The SiTHF fabric…”

“…candlewick effect, several inorganic phosphorous compounds have already been applied (phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphates [9,10,11]) in thermoplastic composites. Several papers deal with the flame retardancy of thermoplastic biocomposites by incorporating flame retardants (FRs) into the matrix [12,13,14].…”

Influence of Lignocellulose Fillers on Properties Natural Rubber Composites

“…Shumao and co-workers have shown that a considerable increase in the fiber resistance to the action of fire can be obtained the modification of fiber surface with poly(ammonium phosphate) (PAP) as well as by a direct incorporation of this flame-retardant into the polymer matrix (PLA) [15].…”

Effect of Pentaerythritol on the Properties of Wood-Flour/Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composite System

“…Because of their excellent performance, low cost, high dimensional stability throughout their lifetime, and high relative strength and stiffness (Stark et al 2010;, WPCs have been widely used in decking products, automotive parts, and construction products (Ashori 2008;Ndiaye et al 2008;Leu et al 2012;Arao et al 2014;Turke et al 2014;Wu et al 2014). However, the main drawback limiting wider application of WPCs is their high flammability, which is because the two main components (woodflour or fiber and plastic) are themselves flammable (Li et al 2010;Arao et al 2014;Pan et al 2014). Thus, the development of flame-retarding WPCs is of great importance.…”