Influence of Ammonium Nitrate Prills' Properties on Detonation Velocity of ANFO

Zygmunt, Bogdan; Buczkowski, D.

doi:10.1002/prep.200700045

Cited by 64 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…This method was an effective method of estimating AN phase changes through cracks produced in the sample surface [46,47]. According to these experiments, PF was shown to be very effective in inhibiting AN phase transitions at room temperature.…”

Section: Freezing and Thawing Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts

Wang

2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Abstract:A study has been undertaken on the effect of additives on the phase transition of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN). Results obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that organic compounds and potassium salts of organic compounds have an effect on the phase transition behavior of AN. The samples were further analyzed using infrared (IR) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanism of phase stabilization of AN by compounds of this kind was examined. The present study showed that the influence of additives on the phase transition of AN occurs through the polar groups that are involved in intermolecular interactions of orbital and electrostatic types that form new hydrogen bonds. AN exists in only one phase in the temperature range from 30 °C to +100 °C, when a potassium salt of organic compounds was added. However, with organic compounds, the III→II phase transition was changed. IR and XRD of composites are characterized by new intermolecular interactions. Compacted samples of AN containing potassium salts of organic compounds exhibited better stability than AN containing organic compounds to multiple cyclic changes within a temperature range. This we named 'freezing and thawing analysis'. Additives have two functions on the AN phase transition. First, solid solutions of AN mixture were formed for K + replacement of NH4 + . Second, hydrogen bonds formed, which caused AN and salts of organic compounds to interact intimately

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Section: Freezing and Thawing Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts

Wang

2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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“…These two materials were considered as reference explosives for the analysis presented in the present study. ANFO is a tertiary explosive (note that TNT is a secondary explosive) and is generally composed by 94% of AN prills and 6% of adsorbed fuel oil [32]. It is extensively used for several authorized purposes as in mine blasting.…”

Section: Home-made Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability of industrial facilities to attacks with improvised explosive devices aimed at triggering domino scenarios

Landucci

Reniers

Cozzani

et al. 2015

Reliability Engineering & System Safety

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Process- and chemical plants may constitute a critical target for a terrorist attack. In the present study, the analysis of industrial accidents induced by intentional acts of interference is carried out focusing on accident chains triggered by attacks with home-made (improvised) explosives. The effects of blast waves caused by improvised explosive devices are compared with those expected from a net equivalent charge of TNT by using a specific methodology for the assessment of stand-off distances. It is demonstrated that a home-made explosive device has a TNT efficiency comprised between 0.2 and 0.5. The model was applied to a case study, demonstrating the potentiality of improvised explosives in causing accident escalation sequences and severe effects on population and assets. The analysis of the case-study also allowed obtaining suggestions for an adequate security management

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“…Ammonium nitrate (AN) is widely used both as a fertilizer and an explosive material (Zygmunt and Buczkowski, 2007). As a fertilizer, it is an excellent source of nitrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%