Influence of Ambient Temperature on Cold-start Emissions for a Euro 1 SI Car Using In-vehicle Emissions Measurement in an Urban Traffic Jam Test Cycle

Andrews, Gordon E.; Li, Hu; Wylie, J. A.; Zhu, Grant; Bell, MC; Tate, James

doi:10.4271/2005-01-1617

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Colder conditions a few degrees Celsius above zero cause greater emissions and fuel consumption, and this trend continues as the ambient temperature falls below 0°C. Excess HC and CO emissions are generally largest in the period directly following start-up [13,16,17], and differences diminish thereafter as the cylinders and lubricant warm up. The excess CO 2 emissions associated with a cold start persist until the engine is fully warmed up; after this point the temperature of the intake air has a limited effect on engine operation, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions for SI engines [16,18].…”

Section: Low-ambient Temperature Cold-start Emissions Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…substantial delay in ignition [2,5,19]. Full warm-up for a vehicle started at a stabilized temperature of 27°C takes around 18 min for a small SI engine [16], and slightly longer for a small CI engine, owing to the lower in-cylinder temperature, the increased thermal inertia of the engine block, and the greater volume of oil. After being switched off, the time taken to reach thermal equilibrium (the cold-start condition) depends on various vehicle design factors and the value of T 2 T a .…”

Section: Low-ambient Temperature Cold-start Emissions Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars

Bielaczyc

Szczotka

Woodburn

2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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This paper examines the cold-start-up events of spark and compression ignition engines in the context of transient operation and emissions control. When the temperatures of the oil, coolant and engine block are equal or close to the ambient temperature, start-up can be difficult to achieve without significant excess levels of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. In general, the lower the ambient temperature, the more significant these problems are. The physical processes responsible for this phenomenon are briefly discussed. Excess emission factors from a pool of Euro 4 and Euro 5 petrol vehicles and three Euro 5 diesel vehicles are presented, as tested over the Urban Drive Cycle at 24 °C and at −7 °C. A full modal emissions analysis was also conducted at 24 °C and at −7 °C on one petrol vehicle and one diesel vehicle over the New European Drive Cycle. The most problematic emissions are identified for both engine types, and recommendations are made to legislators regarding cold-start emissions.

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Section: Low-ambient Temperature Cold-start Emissions Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Low-ambient Temperature Cold-start Emissions Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars

Bielaczyc

Szczotka

Woodburn

2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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“…The data analyzed here were collected as part of a pilot study monitoring both particulate and gaseous emissions of real-world Ambient temperature is known to have a significant influence on cold-start emissions (12,(14)(15)(16). The enriched conditions following initial ignition of the engine produce high concentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, which is amplified by colder conditions, as more fuel is required for colder, higher-density air combustion (13).…”

Section: Second-by-second Characterization Of Cold-start Gas-phase and Air Toxic Emissions From A Light-duty Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of variable terrain (11) and seasonal climate temperature ranges (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) influence the operation of vehicles, because passenger cars are designed to operate at maximum efficiency within typical temperature and terrain ranges. Second-by-second emissions measurements allow the transient effects encountered in real-world driving scenarios to be analyzed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-by-Second Characterization of Cold-Start Gas-Phase and Air Toxic Emissions from a Light-Duty Vehicle

Sentoff

Robinson

Holmén

2010

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Tailpipe pollutants from motor vehicles are linked to environmental concerns and human health issues. Gasoline engine ignition produces a significant portion of trip emissions, but few studies have quantified mobile source air toxic (MSAT) species for light-duty vehicles during cold start. Real-world tailpipe emissions were measured from a 1999 Toyota Sienna minivan with the University of Vermont total onboard tailpipe emissions measurement system. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer measured 27 gas-phase emissions for cold start, extended idle, and warm-up driving at 1-s temporal resolution. Analysis demonstrated that (a) time to optimal function of emissions control devices was not indicated by one species, but varied for different pollutants; (b) extended idling after cold start produced elevated emissions for MSAT species as compared to warm-up driving; and (c) ambient temperatures ranging from 9.5°C to 38.4°C affected species from each emission category, with the exception of carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide produced peak emissions three orders of magnitude higher than hot-stabilized conditions for an average of 90 s, regardless of operating conditions, while nitric oxide peak emissions were over an order of magnitude higher during warm-up driving than extended idle. Peak MSAT emissions, up to two orders of magnitude higher than hot-stabilized idle, were maintained or increased during extended idle and decreased to baseline within 100 to 200 s of warm-up driving. Results indicate extended idling after cold starts prolongs elevated concentrations of MSAT emissions, suggesting that recent policy efforts to reduce vehicle idling behavior could limit potential human exposure to the toxic exhaust constituents.

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The contribution of evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles to the volatile organic compound inventory in Mexico City

Schifter

Díaz

Rodríguez

et al. 2014

Environ Monit Assess

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The strategy for decreasing volatile organic compound emissions in Mexico has been focused much more on tailpipe emissions than on evaporative emissions, so there is very little information on the contribution of evaporative emissions to the total volatile organic compound inventory. We examined the magnitudes of exhaust and evaporative volatile organic compound emissions, and the species emitted, in a representative fleet of light-duty gasoline vehicles in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. The US "FTP-75" test protocol was used to estimate volatile organic compound emissions associated with diurnal evaporative losses, and when the engine is started and a journey begins. The amount and nature of the volatile organic compounds emitted under these conditions have not previously been accounted in the official inventory of the area. Evaporative emissions from light-duty vehicles in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City were estimated to be 39 % of the total annual amount of hydrocarbons emitted. Vehicles built before 1992 (16 % of the fleet) were found to be responsible for 43 % of the total hydrocarbon emissions from exhausts and 31 % of the evaporative emissions of organic compounds. The relatively high amounts of volatile organic compounds emitted from older vehicles found in this study show that strong emission controls need to be implemented in order to decrease the contribution of evaporative emissions of this fraction of the fleet.

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Influence of Ambient Temperature on Cold-start Emissions for a Euro 1 SI Car Using In-vehicle Emissions Measurement in an Urban Traffic Jam Test Cycle

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars

The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars

Second-by-Second Characterization of Cold-Start Gas-Phase and Air Toxic Emissions from a Light-Duty Vehicle

The contribution of evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles to the volatile organic compound inventory in Mexico City

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