Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach

Giupponi, Luca; Leoni, Valeria; Pavlović, Radmila; Giorgi, Annamaria

doi:10.3390/molecules25061381

Cited by 61 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The concentration of myrcene in the control EO was 7.1%, similar to previous reports of 2.4–9.7% [ 19 , 30 , 32 ]. This constituent is one of the determinants of marijuana odor, has a high-odor impact, and can easily emit through duffel bag [ 33 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, myrcene in the EO from nonground material was the highest in the 80–120 min DT ( Table 2 ). Myrcene, acyclic monoterpene, is one of the major constituents in hemp EO [ 17 , 20 , 27 , 32 ], either industrial (grain or fiber) or hemp used for production of high-value chemicals such as CBD in the U.S. [ 29 ]. Myrcene concentration in CBD-type hemp strain was reported to be 9.2–12% of total oil [ 29 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity

et al. 2020

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The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of β-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5–10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80–120 min DT of nonground material. High δ-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0–5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0–5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80–120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of β-caryophyllene, α-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80–120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120–180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity

et al. 2020

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“…For this reason, the freshly prepared Bedrocan ® and Bediol ® magistral oil samples were subjected to untargeted cannabinoid investigation. This analytical approach revealed the presence of minor cannabinoids belonging to those already previously classed [ 9 , 10 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The analytical platform that includes the elaboration of data by Compound Discoverer software revealed the presence of different Δ 9 -THC and CBD analogues that contained C3 ( m / z = 287.2006) and C4 ( m / z = 301.2162) side chains instead of C5 [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) offers the opportunity to perform “in-depth” cannabinoid profiling in magistral oil preparations as it uniquely provides accurate molecular masses and specific fragmentation patterns for detected species [ 9 , 10 , 34 , 35 ]. Moreover, HRMS acquisition mode accumulates all sample data, enabling the identification of “unpredicted” compounds with a cannabinolic structure and retrospective data analysis without the need to re-run samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The AGC target was set to 2e 5 , with the maximum injection time of 100 ms. Fragmentation of precursors was optimized as two-stepped normalized collision energy (NCE) (25 and 40 eV). Detection was based on the calculated exact mass of the protonated molecular ions, at least one corresponding fragment, and eventually on the retention time of detected compounds by applying the identification strategy explained recently [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Lipid Sources on Quality Traits of Medical Cannabis-Based Oil Preparations

Ramella¹,

Roda

Pavlović

et al. 2020

Molecules

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The feasibility of the use of two lipid sources and their impact on the cannabinoid profile, terpene fingerprint, and degradation products in medical cannabis oil preparations during 3 months of refrigerated storage time were investigated. LCHRMS-Orbitrap® and HS-SPME coupled to GC-MS for the investigation of targeted and untargeted cannabinoids, terpenes, and lipid degradation products in Bedrocan® and Bediol® macerated oils were used as analytical approaches. As regards the cannabinoid trend during 90 days of storage, there were no differences between PhEur-grade olive oil (OOPH) and medium-chain triglycerides oil (MCT oil) coupled to a good stability of preparations for the first 60 days both in Bedrocan® and Bediol® oils. MCT lipid source extracted a significant concentration of terpenes compared to olive oil. Terpenes showed a different scenario since MCT oil displayed the strongest extraction capacity and conservation trend of all compounds during the shelf life. Terpenes remained stable throughout the entire storage period in MCT formulations while a significant decrease after 15 and 30 days in Bediol® and Bedrocan® was observed in olive oil. Therefore, MCT oil could be considered a more suitable lipid source compared to olive oil involved in the extraction of medical cannabis for magistral preparations.

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Assessment of the Cannabinoid Content from Different Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. during the Growth Stages in Three Regions

Abdollahi

Sefidkon

Peirovi³

et al. 2021

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It is very rich in chemical constituents, especially the cannabinoids which has not been reported in any other plant, and has broad pharmacological properties. Hemp as a multi-purpose crop is a good source of fibers, seed, fixed and volatile oil. It is known that the cannabinoid content of hemp is related to genetic factors, as well as plant's growth stages and environmental factors such as latitude, altitude, weather, particularly moisture availability and nutrient supply during the growing season. The present study was designed to produce hemp that contains allowable concentration of THC (< 3 %) by comparing different varieties of hemp, different stages of plant growth, and different geographical locations where it was planted. To achieve this, seeds of two native populations from Iran (Fars and Yazd Provinces) and one foreign variety from France (Fedora17, as an industrial hemp cultivar) with its progenies (Fedora17-2) were cultivated in 3 research fields (Gilan, Golestan and Alborz provinces) in Iran. The following plant materials were extracted with methanol/chloroform and analyzed by HPLC: foliage in the vegetative stage, inflorescent in the flowering stage, inflorescent of seeds in the seeding stage and the mature seed. The THC concentration of Fedora17 (Fed17) in all three geographical locations was found to be under 0.03 % or even nondetectable. Same result was also observed in its progenies (Fed17-2), indicating stability of the trait in this cultivar. The THC concentration of the Yazd variety that was planted in Alborz and Gilan regions was less than 0.080 % in all growth stages. The female flowers planted in Golestan, showed a THC concentration of 1.029 % which was more than the allowed THC concentration of < 3 %. The THC concentration in all growth stages of all of the different varieties planted varied from 0 to 1.392 %. The above results indicates that the type of cannabinoid produced depends on the difference in genetic prosperities of the different seed types as well as the growth stage in which the plant material was extracted. On the other hand, the climate and the region in which the seeds were planted had little influence on the THC concentration.

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Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach

Cited by 61 publications

References 42 publications

Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity

Impact of Lipid Sources on Quality Traits of Medical Cannabis-Based Oil Preparations

Assessment of the Cannabinoid Content from Different Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. during the Growth Stages in Three Regions

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