Influence of a carbon-based tribofilm induced by the friction temperature on the tribological properties of impregnated graphite sliding against a cemented carbide

Abstract

Impregnated graphite has attracted considerable attention and has been widely used as an ideal friction material in many fields. However, the influence of the friction temperature on its tribological properties has not been clearly studied; furthermore, the evolution mechanism of transferred tribofilm is unknown. In this study, the tribological properties of impregnated graphite were investigated at different friction temperatures, and the evolution of the carbon-based tribofilm was also determined. The results revealed that the tribological properties significantly improved with an increase in friction temperature. The friction coefficient and wear depth of impregnated graphite reduced by 68% and 75%, respectively, at a high temperature of 160 °C compared with those of non-impregnated graphite. The significant properties of the impregnated graphite can be attributed to a transferred carbon-based tribofilm with an ordered structure induced by the friction temperature, which uniformly and stably adsorbs on friction interfaces. This study provides an important basis for designing graphite-based friction materials with improved properties suited for industrial applications.

Sliding abrasive wear when combining WEDM conditions and polishing treatment on H13 disks over 1045 carbon steel pins

“…The lowest friction coefficient of about 0.201 on average is observed for a roughing condition. Since WEDM produces surface irregularities [34], the resultant morphology reduces friction to levels similar to those achieved by laser texturing [27]. These irregularities inhibit the movement of the graphite particles [35].…”

“…WEDM process does not have a predominant roughness direction [27]; consequently, all roughness measurements were made randomly. A contact profilometer (Bruker Dektak XT, Bruker, San José, USA) measured the surface profile with a cutoff of 2.5 mm and an evaluation length of 12 mm, as recommended in JIS B0601-1982.…”

“…Another way to improve the surface conditions is to reduce the friction coefficient by using a textured surface. Zhao et al [27] applied laser surface texturing on rectified AISI H13 steel surfaces and noted that higher texture densities led to a reduced friction coefficient. Moreover, a decrease of the friction coefficient was identified when the higher texture density of the surface is used, mainly due to a smaller effective contact area between the interfaces.…”

Inorganic nanomaterial lubricant additives for base fluids, to improve tribological performance: Recent developments

“…Graphite can be used both as a powder lubricant and a powder additive [79][80][81]. Hwang et al [79] investigated how the size and shape of nanoparticles containing graphite could affect the tribological Friction | https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/friction performance.…”

Insights on the Formation Mechanism of Ultra-Low Friction of Phenolic Resin Graphite at High Temperature

“…Zhang et al [15] researched the friction and wear behavior of resin-impregnated graphite against WC-Ni alloy under dry, oil and water environments, finding that the impregnated graphite exhibited much better friction properties under water or oil lubrication than non-impregnated graphite, and there was wear phenomenon at the WC-Ni surface, which was due to the hard WC particles embedded in the graphite surface [16]. These studies are mainly based on the following characteristics: graphite has a lamellar structure with weak interplanar van der Waals forces, which allows the formation of a carbon-based friction film during the friction process and effectively protects the friction interface [17][18][19].…”