Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with Covid-19&amp;nbsp;

Kirschenbaum, Daniel S.; Imbach, Lukas L.; Ulrich, Silvia; Keller, Emanuela; Reimann, Regina; Frauenknecht, Katrin; Lichtblau, Mona; Witt, Martin; Hummel, Thomas; Steiger, Peter; Aguzzi, Adriano; Frontzek, Karl

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-34001/v1

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In an autopsy study of two patients that died of COVID-19 infection (one had anosmia as early feature), authors found inflammation and axonal damage in the olfactory bulb explaining the olfactory symptoms [94]. In both cases, olfactory striae were normal.…”

Section: Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Since SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus, the virus particles have been shown in the CD 68 macrophages in the biopsy of nasal tissues from patients presenting with COVID-19related olfactory dysfunction [96]. Patients with olfactory dysfunction may have inflammation and edema of olfactory bulb [94,95]. In animal studies, it has been shown that coronavirus may utilize olfactory pathway to gain entry into central nervous system [101].…”

Section: Patho-mechanism Of Nervous Tissue Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19

et al. 2020

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COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has an affinity for neural tissue. There are reports of encephalitis, encephalopathy, cranial neuropathy, Guillain-Barrè syndrome, and myositis/rhabdomyolysis in patients with COVID-19. In this review, we focused on the neuromuscular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed all published reports on SARS-CoV-2-related peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, muscle, and cranial nerve disorders. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is now accepted as an early manifestation of COVID-19 infection. Inflammation, edema, and axonal damage of olfactory bulb have been shown in autopsy of patients who died of COVID-19. Olfactory pathway is suggested as a portal of entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain. Similar to involvement of olfactory bulb, isolated oculomotor, trochlear and facial nerve has been described. Increasing reports Guillain-Barrè syndrome secondary to COVID-19 are being published. Unlike typical GBS, most of COVID-19-related GBS were elderly, had concomitant pneumonia or ARDS, more prevalent demyelinating neuropathy, and relatively poor outcome. Myalgia is described among the common symptoms of COVID-19 after fever, cough, and sore throat. Duration of myalgia may be related to the severity of COVID-19 disease. Few patients had muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase along with elevated levels of acute-phase reactants. All these patients with myositis/rhabdomyolysis had severe respiratory complications related to COVID-19. A handful of patients with myasthenia gravis showed exacerbation of their disease after acquiring COVID-19 disease. Most of these patients recovered with either intravenous immunoglobulins or steroids.

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Section: Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Patho-mechanism Of Nervous Tissue Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular presentations in patients with COVID-19

et al. 2020

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“…Histopathologic examination of the brain confirmed leukocytic infiltration and thrombosis. The study could not confirm whether the inflammation on the neuronal tissue was a direct effect of the infection or otherwise [10]. In view of the COVID-19 disease complexity and due to the unavailability of specific therapeutic drugs, careful management of COVID-19 patients assumes increased significance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Immunobiochemical Aspects in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) Infection

Pinnelli¹,

Sirsikar²,

Vandana³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, has spread throughout the world and is declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). A lot remains to be understood of SARS-CoV-2 and the disease (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has until recently been identified as responsible for both asymptomatic and serious life-threatening infections. The unavailability of specific therapeutic agents is a major hurdle in the treatment and management of COVID-19 patients. The present review attempts to evaluate the immunobiochemical aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Body: This review is a comprehensive evaluation of the data collected through various sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The articles were searched and selected using key words such as “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)”, “Diagnosis of COVID-19”, Pathogenesis of Covid-19”, “management of COVID-19”, “Immunology of COVID-19”, and “Complications of COVID-19”. The study noted that the novel Coronavirus infection could result in an exaggerated immune response, causing a cytokine storm and damaging several organs of the body. The infected patients develop several complications, including immunological, hematological, and biochemical alterations. Consequently, COVID-19 patients may develop cardiovascular, liver, renal, and neurological complications, among others. Conclusion: An increased understanding of the immunobiochemical aspects of the disease may contribute to better management of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons, as evidenced from the available literature. A holistic approach to the management of COVID-19 patients taking into consideration the effect of COVID-19 infection on various organs of the body assumes increased significance in patient management.

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“…Following growing anecdotal evidence suggesting an increasing incidence of cases of anosmia during the current pandemic, on 18th May the UK government added anosmia and ageusia to the list of symptoms of coronavirus infection. 1,2 There is now considerable evidence that a new onset of altered sense of smell or taste is related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. 3 An objective evaluation of olfactory and gustatory function in the first days of infection is almost impossible, as affected individuals are generally in home quarantine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%