Abstract:Rationale:
Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid accumulation, plaque formation, and artery stenosis. The pharmacological treatment is a promising therapy for atherosclerosis, but this approach faces major challenges such as targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and non-specific clearance.
Methods:
Based on the finding that the cathepsin k (CTSK) enzyme is enriched in atherosclerotic lesions, we constructed an integrin α
v
β
3
… Show more
“…Atherosclerosis, a CVD, is mainly caused by endothelial injury accompanied by many inflammatory reactions. These reactions result in the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by macrophages to form peroxide and superoxide ions, SMC proliferation, and plaque formation in the vascular wall [ 81 ]. TQ was found to be involved in this process and is mainly effective in reducing the level of LDL to prevent foam cell formation through an antioxidant function.…”
Anti-inflammatory therapies have been shown to be effective in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and cancer complications. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active constituent of Nigella sativa, has shown promising therapeutic properties in many in vivo and in vitro models. However, TQ has poor bioavailability and is hydrophobic, prohibiting clinical trials with TQ alone. Studies have explored the combination of TQ with biological nanomaterials to improve its bioavailability. The TQ nanoparticle formulation shows better bioavailability than free TQ, and these formulations are ready for clinical trials to determine their potential as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review current knowledge about the interaction between TQ and the inflammatory response and summarize the research prospects in Korea and abroad. We discuss the different biological activities of TQ and various combination therapies of TQ and nanomaterials in clinical trials.
“…Atherosclerosis, a CVD, is mainly caused by endothelial injury accompanied by many inflammatory reactions. These reactions result in the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by macrophages to form peroxide and superoxide ions, SMC proliferation, and plaque formation in the vascular wall [ 81 ]. TQ was found to be involved in this process and is mainly effective in reducing the level of LDL to prevent foam cell formation through an antioxidant function.…”
Anti-inflammatory therapies have been shown to be effective in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and cancer complications. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active constituent of Nigella sativa, has shown promising therapeutic properties in many in vivo and in vitro models. However, TQ has poor bioavailability and is hydrophobic, prohibiting clinical trials with TQ alone. Studies have explored the combination of TQ with biological nanomaterials to improve its bioavailability. The TQ nanoparticle formulation shows better bioavailability than free TQ, and these formulations are ready for clinical trials to determine their potential as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review current knowledge about the interaction between TQ and the inflammatory response and summarize the research prospects in Korea and abroad. We discuss the different biological activities of TQ and various combination therapies of TQ and nanomaterials in clinical trials.
“…This emerging field of research in drug delivery holds significant promise. In a study conducted by Fang et al, 88 NPs were engineered to target integrin αvβ3 and respond to the enzyme cathepsin K (CTSK) for controlled release of the drug RAP. It was discovered that CTSK is enriched in atherosclerotic lesions.…”
Section: Nanoparticles For Controlled Release Of Drugs In Application...mentioning
Cardiovascular disease poses a significant threat to human health in today's society. A major contributor to cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis (AS). The development of plaque in the affected areas involves a complex pathological environment, and the disease progresses rapidly. Nanotechnology, combined with emerging diagnostic and treatment methods, offers the potential for the management of this condition. This paper presents the latest advancements in environment-intelligent responsive controlled-release nanoparticles designed specifically for the pathological environment of AS, which includes characteristics such as low pH, high reactive oxygen species levels, high shear stress, and multienzymes. Additionally, the paper summarizes the applications and features of nanotechnology in interventional therapy for AS, including percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and drug-eluting stents. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis of AS shows promising real-time, accurate, and continuous effects. Lastly, the paper explores the future prospects of nanotechnology, highlighting the tremendous potential in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases, especially with the ongoing development in nano gas, quantum dots, and Metal−Organic Frameworks materials.
“…Currently, the most-studied polymeric NPs for anti-atherosclerosis are hyaluronic acid (HA)-based and PLGA-based NPs. 95–99 Recent studies have shown that HA NPs can actively target atherosclerotic plaques. 100 Hossaini Nasr et al assessed the anti-atherosclerosis effect of HA NPs loaded with the clinical drug atorvastatin and found that, compared to in the free atorvastatin group, the group with HA-NPs loaded with atorvastatin experienced a better anti-inflammatory effect in vivo and in vitro after 1 week of treatment.…”
Section: Organic Nps For Atherosclerosis Treatmentmentioning
Atherosclerosis, a systemic chronic inflammatory disease, can lead to thrombosis and vascular occlusion, thereby inducing a series of serious vascular diseases. Currently, distinguishing unstable plaques early and achieving more effective treatment are the two main clinical concerns in atherosclerosis. Organic nanoparticles have great potential in atherosclerotic imaging and treatment, showing superior biocompatibility, drug-loading capacity, and synthesis. This article illustrates the process of atherosclerosis onset and the key targeted cells, then systematically summarizes recent progress made in organic nanoparticle-based imaging of different types of targeted cells and therapeutic methods for atherosclerosis, including optical and acoustic-induced therapy, drug delivery, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the major impediments that need to be addressed in future clinical practice. We believe this article will help readers to develop a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of organic nanoparticle-based atherosclerotic imaging and treatment, thus advancing further development of anti-atherosclerosis therapies.
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