Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0032_s_007_w2aab3b8d362b1b7b1aab1c16b1Aa"><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an increasing health issue that associates with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This study correlates the association between fatty liver and inflammatory biomarkers with cardiovascular risk scores.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0032_s_008_w2aab3b8d362b1b7b1aab1c16b2Aa"><jats:title>Methodology</jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled 10,181 health examination participants from Northern Taiwan and administered a standardized questionnaire with important biochemical tests and abdominal sonography. To assess concentrations of inflammatory markers high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen were used.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0032_s_009_w2aab3b8d362b1b7b1aab1c16b3Aa"><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Inflammatory marker levels were significantly increased with increasing fatty liver. In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for major confounding factors, the odds ratios of elevated hs-CRP and fibrinogen were significantly higher in participants with mild or moderate-to-severe fatty liver compared to healthy individuals. The cardiovascular risk scores, above cut-off level 10%, were associated with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers and fatty liver; odds ratio, 3.52 (2.60-4.77) for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with hs-CRP, and 2.92 (2.12-4.00) for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with fibrinogen.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="j_med-2018-0032_s_010_w2aab3b8d362b1b7b1aab1c16b4Aa"><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP and fibrinogen) are significantly associated with augmentation of fatty liver. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may be a predictor of future atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and the prediction value increases on adding inflammatory biomarkers levels.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Inflammatory Markers Related to Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Atherosclerosis: Implications for Disease Prediction and Prospective Therapeutics

“…Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may predict future atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and the predictive value increases with the addition of inflammatory biomarker levels. 121 Therefore, hs-CRP has the potential to be a useful auxiliary tool to the Framingham score to predict cases at increased risk of cardiovascular complications.…”

The Pathophysiological Associations Between Obesity, NAFLD, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Interestingly, Alzamil et al reported that obese diabetic patients have significantly higher serum levels of TNF-α compared with nonobese diabetic patients, and TNF-α level significantly and positively correlates with the serum HbA1c level and insulin resistance, suggesting the importance of the chronic low-grade inflammation in metabolic syndrome [78]. Using data from 10 181 participants from Northern Taiwan, Yu et al reported that mild or moderate-to-severe fatty liver independently predicted higher levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, and cardiovascular risk score was significantly associated with the coexistence of fatty liver and high levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen [79]. Lund et al observed that a more severe low-grade inflammation, measured by fasting serum high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) level, independently predicts a greater cardiometabolic risk, and more severe dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in children with obesity or overweight [80].…”

Effects of Bio-Psycho-Socio-Spiritual Factors on Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Inflammation in Elderly Indonesian Muslim

“…[71,72] Studies that compared the levels of inflammatory biomarkers [hsCRP], Framingham cardiovascular risk scores with severity of non-fatty liver disease show a consistent pattern. [73]…”