Inflammation: What’s There and What’s New?

Abstract

Since the dawn of man, inflammation has been known to humanity, as it is marked by pain. Inflammation processes are related to serious chronic diseases with irreversible damage to the organism, being crucial for the development of anti-inflammatory agents. Among the existing anti-inflammatory drugs, non-steroidal and glucocorticoids are commonly used; however, these compounds have been described as responsible for the increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications and many other side effects. Therefore, it is not shocking that ethnobotany leads most modern studies on the discovery of anti-inflammatory agents obtained from natural matrices. Extracts from plants and isolated substances have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in a set of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory models. This review describes inflammation processes with an emphasis on the most common related diseases, while also describing the most promising natural anti-inflammatory agents, by reporting on their obtention processes, mechanisms of action, and applications.

Discovery of dibenzylbutane lignan LCA derivatives as potent anti-inflammatory agents

“…9 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids mitigate or limit the deleterious effects of inflammation. 10 However, glucocorticoids have significant side effects and long-term use can lead to osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and drug resistance. 11,12 NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, cerebral, and pulmonary damage.…”

Naturally occurring benzophenones and xanthones from Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. displayed anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the activities of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

“…Dysregulated inflammation is a complex biological response orchestrated by the immune system which can lead to a myriad of chronic diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular complications, and various cancers ( Calhelha et al, 2023 ). It involves the activation of immune and inflammatory cells such as macrophages ( Kolliniati et al, 2022 ).…”

Psoralen Isolated from the Roots of Dorstenia psilurus Welw. Modulate Th1/Th2 Cytokines and Inflammatory Enzymes in LPS‐Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

“…Inflammation, a physiological response to injury or infection, represents a double-edged sword in the human body [ 1 ]. Although acute inflammation is a crucial defense mechanism, chronic inflammation is the basis of several debilitating diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis to cardiovascular disorders [ 2 ]. The limitations and side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory drugs have led to the exploration of natural sources.…”