Inflammation, infection and depression: an evolutionary perspective

Abstract

Abstract

Evolutionary Psychiatry

“…Infection is another situation in which low mood can be useful by conserving energy to fight the pathogen (Doyle et al, 2019;Hart, 1988;Shattuck & Muehlenbein, 2015). The association of inflammatory cytokines with depression and the ability of interferon to precipitate depression in some subjects support this thesis (Miller & Raison, 2016) and suggest considering treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.…”

Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report

“…They may increase the likelihood of hospitalization regardless of the severity of the infection. 5,12 We still found subjective cognitive complaints, depression, and anxiety in post-meningoencephalitis infection. Psychiatric examinations showed significantly higher short-and long-term depression and anxiety levels.…”

A Short Oro-Gastric Imipramine Administration in <em>Brucella abortus</em> 2308 Infected Mice Decreases CFU Count at the Spleen; Improves the IFN-γ/IL-6 Ratio; Restores Serotonin Levels in the Hippocampus, Muscular Strength, and Mood

“…So, the intensity of the inflammatory response and the relative abundance of bacterial antigens will be associated with neurochemical and behavioral changes [21]. Depression may be a chronic outcome of infectious diseases [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Depression, on the other hand, may also increase the individual's risk to develop severe infections [12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…Control (Ctrl; n=10), B. abortus 2308 infected mice (Ba; n=10), B. abortus 2308 infected and ImiP treated mice (ImBa; n=10), and ImiP treated mice (ImiP; n=10). A single intraperitoneal inoculation was done inside a biosafety cabinet (Nuaire Class II type A/B3) at day 0 with either phosphate buffer-saline (PBS; 0.1M, pH 7.4; 100 μl; Ctrl and ImiP) or with 1x10 6 Colony Forming Units (CFU) of B. abortus 2308 suspended in 100 μl PBS (Ba and ImBa mice). Behavioral tests (see below) and blood samples were conducted withdrawn inside a biosafety cabinet 14 days later.…”

“…For at least a decade, it has been entertained the hypothesis that treatment-resistant mood disorders occur secondary to microbial infections either due to direct neural infection and/or mediated through chronic neuroinflammation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Microbes may enter anew the body or may invade it from "inner" sources when mucosae integrity is compromised and commensal/symbiotic organisms that inhabit the body gain access to its internal milieu [3,[9][10][11].…”