Inflammation in Green (Chromium) Tattoos during Patch Testing

Jacob, Sharon E.; Castanedo-Tardan, Mari Paz; Blyumin, Marianna L.

doi:10.2310/6620.2008.08034

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Chromium in green tattoo pigment is associated with localized eczematous reactions at the site of the pigment, eczema of the hands and generalized eczematous reactions. [43] • The risk of transmission of infective diseases including HIV and Hepatitis B is always present, although it can be avoided by adopting proper sterilization procedures. • Koebnerization of underlying skin diseases like lichen planus has been reported.…”

Section: Disadvantages and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camouflage for patients with vitiligo

Kaliyadan¹,

Kumar²

2012

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol

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Vitiligo is known to be associated with social stigma and a decreased quality of life, especially when lesions are located over the face. While there are numerous treatment options for vitiligo, most of these need a long time to produce good cosmetic results. Camouflaging the skin lesions can be a useful option in such patients. The proper use of camouflage has been shown to improve the quality of life in patients with vitiligo. In this article, we discuss the different camouflage options available in vitiligo - products and techniques with their relative advantages and disadvantages.

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Section: Disadvantages and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camouflage for patients with vitiligo

Kaliyadan¹,

Kumar²

2012

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol

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“…Allergic reactions to chromium pigments in green tattoos have been reported in older cases and also in a light blue tattoo . In a recent case series, 3 patients with positive patch test reactions to potassium dichromate experienced a flare‐up in the green portions of their tattoos during testing .…”

Section: Chromium Exposure Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings

et al. 2015

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SummaryThe history of chromium as an allergen goes back more than a century, and includes an interventional success with national legislation that led to significant changes in the epidemiology of chromium allergy in construction workers. The 2015 EU Leather Regulation once again put a focus on chromium allergy, emphasizing that the investigation of chromium allergy is still far from complete. Our review article on chromium focuses on the allergen's chemical properties, its potential exposure sources, and the allergen's interaction with the skin, and also provides an overview of the regulations, and analyses the epidemiological pattern between nations and across continents. We provide an update on the allergen from a dermatological point of view, and conclude that much still remains to be discovered about the allergen, and that continued surveillance of exposure sources and prevalence rates is necessary.Key words: allergic chromium dermatitis; allergy; chromium; chromium allergy; dermatitis; leather; metals; potassium dichromate; screening; spot test.Chromium is a transition metal with the atomic number 24. Industrialization and modern living have resulted in increased exposure to chromium ions for more than a century. Chromium salts can induce skin irritation and allergic contact dermatitis. These manifestations have been the basis for multiple studies, reports, and regulations (Table 1). We review chromium allergy from a dermatological perspective, providing an update combined with a historical perspective. Materials/MethodsFor the epidemiological part of this review article, a PubMed/MEDLINE literature search was performed on 10 December 2014, with the following search terms:'((((chromium or chromate or chrome or potassium dichromate) and (patch test or For a study to be included in the prevalence calculation, the prevalence rate had to be obtained from patch test clinics where the primary indication was dermatitis and not, for example, prosthesis insertion. Studies needed to report prevalence rates that would allow for calculations. Finally, we decided to only include studies published from 2004 and onwards, with the primary intention of performing an up-to-date review analysis on prevalence rates and trends during the last 10 years.The information for the remaining sections of this review article originated from a similar PubMed/ MEDLINE literature search performed with relevant search terms for the respective topics, focusing mainly on newer publications, but not neglecting older studies. The historical perspective of chromium allergy was mainly based on the doctoral theses by the Scandinavian dermatologists Bonnevie (7) . Statistical significance was predefined as a p-value of < 0.05. ResultsThe literature search resulted in a total of 1066 potential studies for the epidemiological part. Abstracts were then screened, and 132 articles were found to be relevant for further analysis. For the epidemiological comparison between Europe, North America, and Asia, a total of 31 studies were relevant. The Passivati...

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“…Green tattoo reactions are less frequently reported than red tattoo reactions. The reported allergen in these cases was mainly chromium . In our patient, testing for hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) by the use of potassium dichromate gave negative results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The reported allergen in these cases was mainly chromium. [8][9][10] In our patient, testing for hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) by the use of potassium dichromate gave negative results. However, because chromium was detected in the pigment region, and the chromium species in the pigment region could not be determined, chromium cannot be totally excluded as a possible allergen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%