Inflammation, Immunity and Redox Signaling

Is cancer a severe delayed hypersensitivity reaction and histamine a blueprint?

“…As the organism ages, the changes in the availability, transport or quality of hormones, metabolites, nutrients, their receptor molecules and immune cell response dynamics in tissues demand biological readjustments in organ systems (biological senescence or immunosenescence). In mammals, age‐associated increased in health conditions such as allergies, asthma, emphysema, hypertension, colitis, gastritis, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cardiovascular complications, stroke, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson and site‐specific cancers seem to be the manifestation of different degrees of immune disorders [4–35]. Natural aging process (immune‐biological senescence) accompanies minor or major alterations in the function of immune and non‐immune systems that result in altered inflammatory responses to old and new challenges in older individuals.…”

“…It is also important to note that from birth toward adulthood and aging or during induction of diseases, the multi‐cellular organ systems of the human body is subject to continuous energy‐demanding wear and tear processes in order to accommodate the Yin and Yang events and the repairing, remodeling and adaptation of tissues. Aging process itself is a dynamic phenomenon of biological regeneration and degeneration characteristic of all multi‐cellular organisms, presenting minor or major declines or skewed/retarded or accelerated biological switches [4, 6, 13–23, 33–40, 51, 54–56]. In general, the age‐induced altered natural biological and immunological activities would lead to altered effectiveness of immune surveillance, the balance between tumoricidal (Yin) vs. tumorigenic (Yang) properties of immune system, weakening the body's ability to respond to new stimuli that potentially threaten the body's survival.…”

Chronic Inflammation: Synergistic Interactions of Recruiting Macrophages (TAMs) and Eosinophils (Eos) with Host Mast Cells (MCs) and Tumorigenesis in CALTs. M-CSF, Suitable Biomarker for Cancer Diagnosis!

“…Review of a large amount of data on immune response profiles in target tissues suggests that polarization of immune cells is accompanied by expression of mediators whose effects are different from their non-polarized phenotypes (resting status) in order to act as tumor suppressors (growth-arresting), or tumor promoters (growth-promoting) [ 3 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 50 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Factors with known dual functions include TLRs, MCP-1-CCL2, M-CSF, TGF-β, GM-CSF, histamine, heparin, TNF-α-TNFR, VEGF, CAMs, MMPs, prostaglandins, surface antigens, adaptor molecules or cell recognition molecules (e.g., CD2, CD11, CD18, CD22, CD25, CD 50, CD54, CD63, CD69, CD88), cytokine suppressor molecules (e.g., S100 family of calcium-binding proteins), enzymes (e.g., tryptase/chymase, neutrophil-derived serine proteases, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase, lipases or membrane metalloproteases/MMPs), peroxynitrite, cytokines/chemokines, interleukins (e.g., CCL2, CXC, Il-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13) or interferons (e.g., IFN-γ), ECFA, SCF, c-kit, antibodies (e.g., IgE, IgG isotypes, IgA, IgM), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) as well as expression products of gene activation pathways (e.g., p53, p27, p70, MAPKs, KRAS, BRAF, ALK, Myc, BCR, ABL, MGMT, TKIs, PI3ks) from mutated DNA, hypo-hyper-methylation products that are reported in chronic diseases or cancer [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , ...…”

“…In 1909, observations by Ehrlich that tumor cells are recognized and eliminated by the immune cells were later evolved to the theory of immune surveillance (cancer surveillance), an effective property of immunity to monitor/survey organ systems and destroy those internal or external elements that are useless or threaten the body’s survival [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Since these historical observations a role for inflammation in the genesis and progression of many acute diseases (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis or major trauma), allergies (e.g., asthma, emphysema, skin and ocular inflammatory diseases), a wide range of age-associated chronic illnesses, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, dementia, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, stroke and cardiovascular complications, colitis, gastritis, hepatitis, nephritis, prostatis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, thyroiditis, opthalmitis, Grave’s disease, fibromyalgia, Bechet’s, esophagitis, neuritis, lupus, Parkinson’s, psoriasis) and many cancers (e.g., lung, colon/rectal, breast, cervical, prostate, bladder, liver, gall bladder, appendix, ovarian, thyroid, pancreas, brain, hematologic malignancies) has been reported in the literature [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 …”

Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Microparticles

“…In fact, oxidants even play a positive role, because they work as cellular messengers in different signaling pathways and are used by the immune system to kill pathogens. 25 However, at higher dosages, oxidants can cause significant damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and finally lead to cell death. Therefore, the presence of oxidants can be used as a marker for inflamed tissues and can activate a specific action of a biomaterial, such as drug release.…”