Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder—An Exploratory Pilot Study

Mazahery, Hajar; Conlon, Cathryn A.; Beck, Kathryn; Mugridge, Owen; Kruger, Marlena C.; Stonehouse, Welma; Camargo, Carlos A.; Meyer, Barbara J.; Tsang, Bobby; Hurst, Pamela von

doi:10.3390/nu12030661

Cited by 20 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…In addition, five original studies (reported in seven manuscripts), in which the relation between vitamin D and ASD symptoms was investigated, were found [ 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ] (see Table 7 ). In two larger scale RCTs, significant effects of vitamin D supplementation on respectively irritability and hyperactivity [ 76 , 77 , 78 ] and on stereotypical behavior were found [ 79 ]. In one cohort and one case control study, no significant associations were found between vitamin D supplementation at 2.5 years of age and ASD diagnosis at a mean age of 5.1 years [ 73 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children

et al. 2022

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication skills, and repetitive and restrictive behaviors and interests. Even though there is a biological basis for an effect of specific nutrition factors on ASD symptoms and there is scientific literature available on this relationship, whether nutrition factors could play a role in ASD treatment is unclear. The goal of the current literature review was to summarize the available scientific literature on the relation between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in childhood, and to formulate practical dietary guidelines. A comprehensive search strategy including terms for ASD, nutrition factors (therapeutic diets, dietary patterns, specific food products, fatty acids and micronutrients) and childhood was developed and executed in six literature databases (Cinahl, Cochrane, Ovid Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science). Data from meta-analyses, systematic reviews and original studies were qualitatively summarized. A total of 5 meta-analyses, 29 systematic reviews and 27 original studies were retrieved that focused on therapeutic diets, specific food products, fatty acids and micronutrients and ASD symptoms during childhood. Results of the available studies were sparse and inconclusive, and hence, no firm conclusions could be drawn. There is currently insufficient evidence for a relation between nutrition and ASD symptoms in childhood, making it impossible to provide practical nutrition guidelines; more methodological sound research is needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children

et al. 2022

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“…These findings reported a small but not significant benefit of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in children with ASD [ 54 ]. Another 6-month RCT of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (1.5 g) vs. placebo in children 2–5 years of age with ASD does not support high-dose supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in young children with ASD [ 55 ].…”

Section: The Role Of Omega-3 Pufa Supplementation In Asd Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, limited support was given for the efficacy of omega-3 PUFA in reactive aggression and a short-term reduction in overall antisocial behavior [ 58 ]. No significant differences between groups in autism composite scores, adaptive function or language [ 55 ], and non-significantly greater improvement in hyperactivity [ 51 ] and in core symptoms of ASD [ 53 ] were found. No significant change was found in the score of the social interaction subscale by Doaei et al [ 61 ].…”

Section: The Role Of Omega-3 Pufa Supplementation In Asd Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammation in Autism and Supplementation Based on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review

Veselinović¹,

Petrović

Žikić³

et al. 2021

Medicina

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities. The maternal status of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) regulates microglial activity and neuroinflammatory pathways during a child’s brain development. In children with ASD, the metabolism of PUFA is thought to be deficient or abnormal, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, increased oxidative stress and an imbalance in the formation and action of neurotransmitters. In addition, nutritional deficits in omega-3 PUFA may affect gut microbiota and contribute to ASD by the gut–brain axis. The aim of this study was to review the possible role of neuroinflammation in ASD development and the effect of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in children with ASD. Due to a wide heterogeneity across RCTs, no definitive conclusion about omega-3 PUFA effects in ASD can be drawn. Supplementation with PUFA could be considered as one of the aspects in regulating the biological status of the organism and could provide added value to standard medical and psychological interventions for reducing behavioral deficits.

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“…The benefit obtained with n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation in ASD children is considered to be through its role in modulating inflammation ( 27 ). Some studies relate symptom severity, plasma cytokine levels, and FA profiles in ASD children ( 28 ). However, few studies correlate FA supplementation, cytokine profile, and pre- and post-intervention clinical assessment with FA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Intervention Modifies Plasma and Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Profiles But Not the Clinical Course of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial

et al. 2022

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BackgroundThe pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under investigation and one of the main alterations relates to the metabolic and inflammatory system dysfunctions. Indeed, based on a possible deficit of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) of patients with ASD and looking for an anti-inflammatory effect, dietary supplements with omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate differences in plasma and erythrocyte FA profiles and plasma cytokines in patients with infantile ASD after supplementation with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids or placebo and both compared at baseline with a reference healthy group.MethodsA double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months was carried out in 54 children between 2 and 6 years diagnosed with ASD. They were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: 19 children received 800 mg/day of DHA and 25 mg/day of EPA, or placebo. In addition, another reference group of 59 healthy children of the same age was included. Plasma lipids and cytokines, and FA profiles in plasma and erythrocytes were measured at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in ASD children, and at baseline in the reference group.ResultsThere were no differences in demographic, anthropometric characteristics, and omega-3 intake between the healthy reference group and the ASD children at baseline. Children with ASD showed the higher plasma percentages of palmitic acid and total saturated FA and lower total omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) compared with healthy children. An increased level of DHA and reduced EPA level in erythrocytes were detected in the ASD group vs. the reference group. After 6 months of treatment, the ASD group that received DHA enriched product significantly increased the plasma and erythrocyte percentages of DHA, but no differences were observed in the clinical test scores and other parameters as plasma cytokines between the two groups of ASD related to the intervention.ConclusionSpanish children with ASD exhibit an appropriate omega-3 FA status in plasma and erythrocytes. Neither a clinical improvement of ASD children nor a better anti-inflammatory or fatty acid state has been found after an intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months. So, the prescription of n-3 LC-PUFA and other dietary supplements in ASD should be only indicated after a confirmed alteration of FA metabolism or omega-3 LC-PUFA deficiency evaluated by specific erythrocyte FA.Clinical Trial Registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03620097].

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Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder—An Exploratory Pilot Study

Cited by 20 publications

References 72 publications

A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children

A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children

Neuroinflammation in Autism and Supplementation Based on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review

Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Intervention Modifies Plasma and Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Profiles But Not the Clinical Course of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial

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