Inflammation, epigenetics, and metabolism converge to cell senescence and ageing: the regulation and intervention

Abstract

Remarkable progress in ageing research has been achieved over the past decades. General perceptions and experimental evidence pinpoint that the decline of physical function often initiates by cell senescence and organ ageing. Epigenetic dynamics and immunometabolic reprogramming link to the alterations of cellular response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, representing current hotspots as they not only (re-)shape the individual cell identity, but also involve in cell fate decision. This review focuses on the present findings and emerging concepts in epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolic regulations and the consequences of the ageing process. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting cell senescence and regulatory mechanisms, using state-of-the-art techniques are also discussed.

Severity of coronavirus disease 19: Profile of inflammatory markers and ACE (rs4646994) and ACE2 (rs2285666) gene polymorphisms in Iraqi patients

“…A hallmark of aging is the shift of the innate and adaptive immune responses towards creating inflammatory states in the human body, and inflammatory marker genes have been shown to exhibit up-regulated expression in inflammatory cells ( Bajaj et al, 2021 ). Besides, it has been found that aging is associated with down-regulated functions of cells of the adaptive immune system; for instance, antigen-presenting, T-cytotoxic and B cells, and this may counteract the adaptive immune system to control infection and inflammation ( Zhu et al, 2021 ). Therefore, age-related dysregulated immune functions, which have been described as immunosenescence and inflammaging, play a major role in contributing to increased susceptibility to severe COVID-19 ( Chen et al, 2021 ).…”

Epigenetic Regulation of Cellular Senescence

“…An ongoing area of research will be to explore how mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic enzymes, and cellular senescence are integrated. To examine the current literature on this topic, please refer to recent studies [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Interferon regulates stem cell function at all ages by orchestrating mTOR and cell cycle

“…Of note, senescent cells, a hallmark of aging (Fulop et al, 2018;Zhu et al, 2021), steadily uncouple translation and cell cycle (Payea, Anerillas, Tharakan, & Gorospe, 2021). Differently to NSCs, a late coupling of translation and cell cycle has not been described in senescence.…”