Senescence is a complex cellular stress response that abolishes proliferative capacity and generates a unique secretory pattern that is implicated in organismal aging and age-related disease. How a cell transitions to a senescent state is multifactorial and often requires transcriptional regulation of multiple genes. Epigenetic alterations to DNA and chromatin are powerful regulators of genome architecture and gene expression, and they play a crucial role in mediating the induction and maintenance of senescence. This review will highlight the changes in chromatin, DNA methylation, and histone alterations that establish and maintain cellular senescence, alongside the specific epigenetic regulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

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The circulating precursor cells that give rise to human resident memory T cells (T RM ) are poorly characterized. We used an in vitro differentiation system and human skin–grafted mice to study T RM generation from circulating human memory T cell subsets. In vitro T RM differentiation was associated with functional changes, including enhanced IL-17A production and FOXP3 expression in CD4 + T cells and granzyme B production in CD8 + T cells, changes that mirrored the phenotype of T cells in healthy human skin. Effector memory T cells (T EM ) had the highest conversion rate to T RM in vitro and in vivo, but central memory T cells (T CM ) persisted longer in the circulation, entered the skin in larger numbers, and generated increased numbers of T RM . In summary, T CM are highly efficient precursors of human skin T RM , a feature that may underlie their known association with effective long-term immunity.

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