Inflammasomes and their roles in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis and their related complications: An updated systematic review

Interplays between inflammasomes and viruses, bacteria (pathogenic and probiotic), yeasts and parasites

“…Multiple scientific reports have demonstrated that viruses entering the body activate an innate immune response in which inflammasomes play a crucial role in pathogen destruction [ [10] , [11] , [12] ]. To control infection, the immune system detects pathogens in multiple ways.…”

“…In infected hepatocytes, hepatitis C virus blocks viral poly-U/UC PAMP/RIG-I-mediated production of type 1 and 3 interferons through the action of the viral NS3/4A protease, which targets and cleaves the innate immune adaptor molecules mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS) to destroy the intracellular antiviral defense system [ 24 ]. Multiple scientific reports have shown that in patients infected with HCV, inflammasomes not only participate in virus eradication but cause chronic inflammation and liver fibrosis and can participate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [ 12 ]. A study on THP-1 cells (model of hepatic macrophages) showed that TNF-α serves as a priming factor in hepatic macrophages, leading to NFκB activation and pro- IL-1β production; mainly the HCV core protein can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome.…”

“…These data show that the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β induce liver inflammation and may be used as a target for treating liver disease induced by HCV. It should also be noted that in patients suffering from HCC, inflammasomes suppress HCC cell proliferation and differentiation, indicative of positive roles of inflammasomes against HCC [ 12 ].…”

Race between virus and inflammasomes: inhibition or escape, intervention and therapy

“…According to the receptor proteins on the sensors, inflammasomes can be divided into NLRs and ALRs families. Common receptors for inflammasome in the NLRs family include NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP12, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) and NLRC4, while that in the ALRs (also known as PYHIN) family include AIM2 and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) ( Dadmanesh et al., 2019 ). Inflammasomes, like other innate immune-related receptor molecules, are involved in innate immune and inflammatory responses of pathogens in a wide array of viral infectious diseases.…”

SFTSV Infection Induced Interleukin-1β Secretion Through NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

“…Then, Pro-IL-1b is cleaved by protease caspase-1 to mature into active IL-1b, which is a component of the inflammasome complex. Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic sensor/activators which show proteolysis functions in caspase-1 dependent manner, and especially target pro-IL-1b and pro-IL-18 to activate the cytokines (15). Among several inflammasomes, NLRP3 inflammasome is the best-characterized one and is linked to the maturation and release of IL-1b in viral infection (16)(17)(18).…”