Infertility-Related Risk Factors: A Systematic Review

Abstract

IntroductionOxford English Dictionary defines the word "infertile" or barren as "inability to give birth or procreate. " This definition refers to the "sterilization mode rather than visualization difficulty" and presents so many clinical perspectives (1). According to the reports of the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO), "infertility" is a couple's failure in pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse and pregnancy attempts. Infertility is a global problem affecting people around the world whose cause and importance may vary according to the geographical location and socio-economic condition. According to the statistics, annually 60-80 million couples around the world suffer from infertility (2). The estimated fertility rate in Canada is 11.5% to 15.7%. One out of seven English couples suffers from fertility problems (3). The number of couples affected by infertility has increased from 42.0 million people (39.6 million people, 44.8 million people) in 1990 to 48.5 million people (45.0 million people, 52.6 million people) in 2010 (4). Ten to 12% of couples around the world are suffering from infertility in half of which, the man is infertile. The estimates show that in 35%-40% of cases, the man is infertile and in 35%-40% of cases, the woman is infertile and in 20%-30% of cases, it is related to the combination of other factors (5). Infertility occurs once pregnancies are ended up with abortion (ASR) or the delivery of a child with multiple hereditary diseases (6). Infertility diagnosis is different and may include the evaluation of sperm quality; Mormons, and analysis of imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes. According to the medical diagnosis, infertility may be treated by reproductive surgery, prescribing hormones or applying infertility technologies (2). Infertility awareness, like men and women's awareness of risk factors, is the first step in protecting pregnancy in lifestyle modification. Knowledge and awareness of fertility depends on education rather than personal fertility or motherhood and fatherhood experience. Health improving strategies started with educational interventions (3). Secondary infertility refers to a state in which pregnancy does not occur after one year (in some epidemiologic studies 2 years) of unprotected sexual intercourse despite at least one pregnancy in the past. Women with secondary infertility cannot give birth to alive child (7). Infertility may result from a wide range of abnormalities one or both of which exist. However, infertility is not much different in people and it can have a variety of causes (8). The primary and secondary causes of infertility are reviewed in this study. This study examines the following points: primary causes of infertility, such as genetic factors, hormonal disorders, genetic disorders, congenital defects or reproductive system diseases; secondary factors, including lifestyle related factors, such as obesity, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption an...

Determinants of Infertility among Married Women Attending Dessie Referral Hospital and Dr. Misganaw Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic, Dessie, Ethiopia

“…The inability of women at ovulation and regulation of hormone levels leads to hormonal imbalances. These hormonal disorders are characterized by symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, excessive bleeding or very little bleeding, absence of menstruation, or long menstruation periods which are risk factors for infertility [3].…”

“…Infertility is a disease of the reproductive system characterized by the failure to achieve pregnancy for 12 months or more with regular unprotected sexual intercourse, or it is the inability of a sexually active, noncontraceptive couple to achieve pregnancy in one year [1][2][3]. It can be classified as primary and secondary.…”

“…According to the findings of different studies, reproductive system disorders like sexually transmitted disease and endometrial and ovarian dysfunction, genetic factor, age, alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, irregular menstrual cycle, age at menarche, age at marriage, and dysmenorrhea are found to be factors affecting infertility [3,10,11].…”

The Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Female Fertility

“…Smoking has a negative impact on female fertility, the risk increasing with the daily number of cigarettes [51,82,83]. The main chemicals contained in the smoke are polycyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, heavy metals, and nitrosamines [51,82].…”

Factores de riesgo para infertilidad en mujeres en un Hospital peruano

“…Los factores que conllevan a la infertilidad aun no son claramente conocidos; estudios hechos en Asia, América Latina y el Medio Oriente revelan que los principales factores que predisponen a la infertilidad son: factor pélvico 35% (incluye enfermedad tubárica y endometriosis), factor masculino con anormalidades en la producción de esperma 40%, factor cervical 7,5% y sin una causa conocida 5% (7)(8)(9)(10) . Además, las mujeres en los últimos años han tenido un cambio en su perspectiva de vida, por lo que retrasan su maternidad por objetivos laborales y de evolución dentro del trabajo (11) .…”