Inferring multilateral peering

Giotsas, Vasileios; Zhou, Shi; Luckie, Matthew; claffy, kc

doi:10.1145/2535372.2535390

Cited by 52 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…While the average percentage of peering density in IX.br is around 40%, more mature IXPs exhibit an average peering density between 79%-95% [16]. Furthermore, when dissecting the AS-level graphs we observe the formation of IXP-enabled k-clique communities (Sec.…”

Section: A Members Classification: Who Is Who?mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…However, we could not use this information to infer hidden links following the methodology proposed in [16] because NIC.br does not apply any standardized codification system for the use of BGP communities in Brazilian PTTMetro IXPs.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A method to discover hidden peering on IXPs through the mining of BGP community attribute can be found in [16], the same problem discussed in [9]. The method is particularly interesting because an AS can restrict its advertised routes, making incomplete the list of AS-PATH (BGP paths) of IXP's route servers.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…traceroute), and (iii) BGP tables available in route servers [1,5,15,16,25,26,34]. IXPs have become attractive research targets because they represent a microcosm of Internet diversity [7], serving a variety of members such as ISPs of different nature, content providers, as well as public and private organizations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of the Largest National Ecosystem of Public Internet eXchange Points: The Case of Brazil

Brito

Santos

Fontes

et al. 2016

JCIS

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Abstract-Internet eXchange Points (IXP) have become an increasing research target when aiming at understanding the complex and evolving Internet ecosystem. IXPs are shared infrastructures where Autonomous Systems (AS) implement peering agreements for their traffic exchange and thus represent an interesting microcosm of the Internet diversity and a strategic vantage point to deliver end-user services.In this article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the largest set of public IXPs in a single country, namely the case of Brazil. The Brazilian public peering ecosystem counts with over 25 IXPs maintained by an overarching project called IX.br following a non-profit business model that facilitates multilateral agreements. The nation-wide peering initiative provides an appealing environment for innovation and fostering IP connectivity market practices. Without IX.br, access providers are limited in terms of coverage, performance, cost, and dependence on transit providers. The open and incentive-rich IXP approach can be regarded as an interesting development that may inspire other development countries as well as more established regional markets. Based on BGP data from all looking glass servers in IX.br, we provide insights into the peering ecosystem per IXP and from a nation-wide perspective by inspecting properties of the connectivity graphs and the IPv4 and IPv6 prefix distribution. We propose peering affinity as a metric well-suited to measure the connectivity between different types of ASes and overall found lower peering density in IX.br when compared to more mature ecosystems, such as AMS-IX, DE-CIX, LINX, and MSK-IX. When dissecting AS-level graphs we also observe the formation of IXP-enabled k-clique communities. As a final contribution, we have shared our 16 GB dataset along all supporting code to allow for new research studies by the community.

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Section: A Members Classification: Who Is Who?mentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of the Largest National Ecosystem of Public Internet eXchange Points: The Case of Brazil

Brito

Santos

Fontes

et al. 2016

JCIS

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“…A few hundred IXPs worldwide host more than one hundred thousand interconnections between Autonomous Systems (ASes) [10], [14], [20]. As critical components of the Internet infrastructure, IXPs influence its expansion [16], performance [11], and security [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

traIXroute: Detecting IXPs in traceroute paths

Nomikos

Dimitropoulos

2016

Passive and Active Measurement

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Abstract. Internet eXchange Points (IXP) are critical components of the Internet infrastructure that affect its performance, evolution, security and economics. In this work, we introduce techniques to augment the well-known traceroute tool with the capability of identifying if and where exactly IXPs are crossed in endto-end paths. Knowing this information can help end-users have more transparency over how their traffic flows in the Internet. Our tool, called traIXroute, exploits data from the PeeringDB (PDB) and the Packet Clearing House (PCH) about IXP IP addresses of BGP routers, IXP members, and IXP prefixes. We show that the used data are both rich, i.e., we find 12,716 IP addresses of BGP routers in 460 IXPs, and mostly accurate, i.e., our validation shows 92-93% accuracy. In addition, 78.2% of the detected IXPs in our data are based on multiple diverse evidence and therefore help have higher confidence on the detected IXPs than when relying solely on IXP prefixes. To demonstrate the utility of our tool, we use it to show that one out of five paths in our data cross an IXP and that paths do not normally cross more than a single IXP, as it is expected based on the valley-free model about Internet policies. Furthermore, although the top IXPs both in terms of paths and members are located in Europe, US IXPs attract many more paths than their number of members indicates.

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