Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) isolated from the ISA disease outbreaks in Chile diverged from ISAV isolates from Norway around 1996 and was disseminated around 2005, based on surface glycoprotein gene sequences

Kibenge, Frederick S. B.; Godoy, Marcos; Wang, Yingwei; Kibenge, Molly J. T.; Gherardelli, Valentina; Mansilla, Soledad; Lisperger, Angelica; Jarpa, Miguel; Larroquete, Geraldine; Avendaño, Fernando; Lara, Marcela; Gallardo, Alicia

doi:10.1186/1743-422x-6-88

Cited by 86 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…from virulent ISAV to ISAV-HPR0 (Kibenge et al 2009, Castro-Nallar et al 2011, rather than by deletion events (Mjaaland et al 2002, Nylund et al 2003. In the present analyses, the time period between sampling did not contribute to explain the association between ISAV-HPR0 and virulent ISAV, lending no support to either direction of hypothetical transition events.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is prevalent and geographically structured in Norwegian salmon farming

Lyngstad¹,

Kristoffersen²,

Hjortaas³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a severe disease in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar that has caused epidemic outbreaks in most salmon-producing countries worldwide. The disease is caused by virulent ISA virus (ISAV). Low virulent variants of the virus, characterised by a full-length sequence in the highly polymorphic region of segment 6 in the virus genome, have been reported with increasing frequencies. These variants of the virus, termed HPR0, have been proposed to be ancestors of virulent ISAV. We examined this idea through studies of the phylogeographic and environmental distribution of ISAV-HPR0, as well as phylogeographic associations between virulent ISAV and ISAV-HPR0. Samples from 232 fish groups were screened for ISAV. Real-time RT-PCR was used for detection of ISAV, and the ISAV haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene was characterised for positive samples. A Mantel test was used to test phylogeographic associations between pairs of ISAV-HPR0 HE gene sequences. A rank test was used to test associations between HE gene sequences from virulent ISAV and ISAV-HPR0. ISAV-HPR0 was detected in fish groups both in freshwater and marine environments, and in juveniles, on-grown marine salmon and broodstock salmon. Genetic and geographic distances between pairs of ISAV-HPR0 HE gene sequences were positively correlated, suggesting that the population of ISAV-HPR0 is geographically structured. Finally, we found a spatial association between fish groups with virulent ISAV (n = 21) and fish groups with ISAV-HPR0 (n = 27), supporting the hypothesis that ISAV-HPR0 may undergo a transition to virulent ISAV. KEY WORDS: Infectious salmon anaemia virus · ISAV · HPR0 · Atlantic salmon · NorwayResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher OPEN PEN ACCESS CCESS

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is prevalent and geographically structured in Norwegian salmon farming

Lyngstad¹,

Kristoffersen²,

Hjortaas³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In farmed fish, epidemics of Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAv) in Chilean salmon farms have been traced to the introduction of an endemic Norwegian strain (Kibenge et al 2009), causing a 75% decline in farmed salmon production from the world's second biggest producer (Asche et al 2009). Both ISAv and Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV -the agent associated with heart and skeletal muscle in- Fig.…”

Section: Parasite Translocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population biology of infectious diseases shared by wild and farmed fish

Krkošek

2017

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Global fisheries landings ceased increasing decades ago, causing an increasing shortfall in wild seafood supply and an expansion of aquaculture. The abundance of domesticated fishes now dwarfs related wild fishes in some coastal seas, changing the dynamics of their infectious diseases. Transport and trade of seafood, feed, eggs, and broodstock bring pathogens into new regions and into contact with naïve hosts. Density-dependent transmission creates threshold effects where disease can abruptly switch from endemic to epizootic dynamics. Hydrodynamics allow pathogens to disperse broadly, interconnecting farms into metapopulations of domesticated host fish in regions that also support related species of wild fish. Spillover and spillback dynamics of pathogen transmission between wild and farmed fish can create novel transmission pathways or bioamplify pathogen abundance, potentially depressing or endangering wild fish. Mortality from natural predator-prey interactions may be synergistic or compensatory with these increased infections. Domestic environments may favour the evolution of undesirable pathogen traits, such as virulence and drug resistance, leading to the emergence of strains that cause high mortality and (or) evade treatment. Overall, these changes to the dynamics of infectious disease in coastal seas impose new constraints on the sustainability of both wild and farmed fish. Résumé :Les débarquements des pêches à l'échelle planétaire ont cessé d'augmenter il y a des décennies, entraînant un manque à gagner croissant dans l'approvisionnement en fruits de mer sauvages, ainsi que la croissance de l'aquaculture. L'abondance des poissons domestiqués est maintenant beaucoup plus grande que celle de poissons sauvages reliés dans certaines mers littorales, ce qui modifie la dynamique de leurs maladies infectieuses. Le transport et le commerce de fruits de mer, d'aliments, d'oeufs et de géniteurs introduisent des pathogènes dans de nouvelles régions et les mettent en contact avec des hôtes naïfs. La transmission dépendante de la densité crée des effets de seuils qui font en sorte que la dynamique de la maladie peut passer soudainement d'endémique à épizootique. L'hydrodynamique permet aux pathogènes de se disperser largement, inter-reliant des fermes pour en faire de métapopulations de poissons hôtes domestiqués dans des régions qui supportent également des espèces reliées de poissons sauvages. Les dynamiques de débordement et de retour de la transmission de pathogènes entre les poissons sauvages et d'élevage peuvent créer de nouvelles voies de transmission ou bioamplifier l'abondance de pathogènes, réduisant ou menaçant potentiellement les populations de poissons sauvages. La mortalité découlant d'interactions prédateur-proie naturelles pourrait être en synergie avec ces infections accrues ou les compenser. Les milieux domestiques pourraient favoriser l'apparition de caractères non souhaitables des pathogènes, comme la virulence et la résistance aux drogues, menant à l'émergence de lignées qui causent u...

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“…Such strains, which have now been recognized in Norway (Nylund et al, 2007), Scotland (Cunningham et al, 2002;Anonymous, 2005;McBeath et al, 2009), Canada (Cook-Versloot et al, 2004 and Chile (Kibenge et al, 2009), are differentiated on the basis of the sequence of a highly polymorphic region (HPR) in the HE gene just upstream of the transmembrane coding region (Cunningham et al, 2002;Mjaaland et al, 2002;Nylund et al, 2003). Early comparative studies led to the suggestion that HPR subtypes associated with ISA outbreaks may have arisen within aquaculture following deletions within this gene with respect to a putative full-length ancestral progenitor, designated ISAV-HPR0 (Mjaaland et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low-pathogenic variant of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is highly prevalent and causes a non-clinical transient infection in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Faroe Islands

Christiansen

Østergaard

Snow

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

173

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Results demonstrated that ISAV-HPR0 appeared as a seasonal and transient infection without detectable ISA mortality or pathology. This finding, coupled to an apparent gill tropism of ISAV-HPR0, suggests ISAV-HPR0 causes a subclinical respiratory infection more like seasonal influenza, as opposed to the systemic infection and serious disease caused by highly pathogenic ISAV. The mean time before marine sites became infected was 7.7 months after transfer to seawater of the fish, suggesting a potentially unknown marine reservoir of infection. Sequence analysis identified two main subtypes of ISAV-HPR0 sequences, one of which showed close genetic association with ISAV isolates responsible for the disease outbreak in the Faroes. Thus ISAV-HPR0 might represent an ancestor of pathogenic variants and thus be a potential risk factor in the emergence of new strains of disease-causing ISAV. Our data, however, suggest that the risk of emergence of pathogenic ISAV variants from a reservoir of ISAV-HPR0 is low. This risk is probably being further reduced by practical management strategies adopted in the Faroes and aimed at reducing the potential for maintenance and adaptation of ISAV-HPR0.

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Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) isolated from the ISA disease outbreaks in Chile diverged from ISAV isolates from Norway around 1996 and was disseminated around 2005, based on surface glycoprotein gene sequences

Abstract: Background: Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus (ISAV) is a pathogen of marine-farmed

Cited by 86 publications

References 28 publications

Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is prevalent and geographically structured in Norwegian salmon farming

Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is prevalent and geographically structured in Norwegian salmon farming

Population biology of infectious diseases shared by wild and farmed fish

A low-pathogenic variant of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is highly prevalent and causes a non-clinical transient infection in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Faroe Islands

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