Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is prevalent and geographically structured in Norwegian salmon farming

Lyngstad, Trude Marie; Kristoffersen, Anja Bråthen; Hjortaas, M J; Devold, M.; Aspehaug, Vidar; Larssen, R.B.; Jansen, P. A.

doi:10.3354/dao02520

Cited by 34 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The PCRs were performed in a 20-l reaction volume using a cDNA sample (1 l) from infected cells or 5 ng of plasmid as the template, 1ϫ HF Phusion buffer (NEB), 200 M deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), a 0.5 M concentration of each primer, 1 M betaine, and 1 U of Phusion DNA polymerase (NEB). The thermal conditions for PCR were as follows: 3 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 s at 93°C, 30 s at 55°C, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , a 1 mM concentration of each dNTP, and 200 U of M-MLV reverse transcriptase according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR products were cloned in the pCR2.1 vector using a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All epizootic outbreaks are caused by viral strains with deletions in a specific highly polymorphic region (HPR) of segment 6 in the viral genome (12). However, a nonpathogenic strain of ISAV that contains a full-length HPR (HPR0) has been consistently detected at fish farms, possibly representing the precursor strain from which the virulent types arise (13)(14)(15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Active against Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

Ojeda

Cárdenas

Guzmán

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is IMPORTANCEIdentifying novel methods for the efficient control of infectious diseases is imperative for the future of global aquaculture. The present study used a phage display heptapeptide library to identify a peptide with interfering activity against a key protein of the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). A piscine orthomyxovirus, ISAV is a continuous threat to the commercial sustainability of cultured salmon production worldwide. The complex epidemiological strategy of this pathogen has made prophylactic control extremely difficult. The identified antiviral peptide efficiently impairs ISAV infection in vitro by specifically blocking hemagglutinin-esterase, a pivotal surface protein of this virus. Peptide synthesis could further modify the primary structure of the identified peptide to improve specific activity and stability. The present results form the foundation for developing a new pharmacological treatment against ISAV.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Active against Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

Ojeda

Cárdenas

Guzmán

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…It is now clear that ISAV-HPR0 is enzootic in salmonids populations in Norway, New Brunswick (Canada), Scotland (UK), Faroe Islands, Maine (USA) and Chile [8,9,11,12,20,22,25,26], with the virulent ISAV-HPR∆ replaced by ISAV-HPR0 as the dominant virus variant, but the dynamics of this evolution are still not clearly known [9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in Chilean Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture: emergence of low pathogenic ISAV-HPR0 and re-emergence of virulent ISAV-HPR∆: HPR3 and HPR14

Godoy

Kibenge

Suárez

et al. 2013

Virol J

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AbstactInfectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease of marine-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) caused by ISA virus (ISAV), which belongs to the genus Isavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. ISA is caused by virulent ISAV strains with deletions in a highly polymorphic region (HPR) of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein (designated virulent ISAV-HPR∆). This study shows the historic dynamics of ISAV-HPR∆ and ISAV-HPR0 in Chile, the genetic relationship among ISAV-HPR0 reported worldwide and between ISAV-HPR0 and ISAV-HPR∆ in Chile, and reports the 2013 ISA outbreak in Chile. The first ISA outbreak in Chile occurred from mid-June 2007 to 2010 and involved the virulent ISAV-HPR7b, which was then replaced by a low pathogenic ISAV-HPR0 variant. We analyzed this variant in 66 laboratory-confirmed ISAV-HPR0 cases in Chile in comparison to virulent ISAV-HPR∆ that caused two new ISA outbreaks in April 2013. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis of HE sequences from all ISAV-HPR0 viruses allowed us to identify three genomic clusters, which correlated with three residue patterns of ISAV-HPR0 (360PST362, 360PAN362 and 360PAT362) in HPR. The virus responsible for the 2013 ISAV-HPR∆ cases in Chile belonged to ISAV-HPR3 and ISAV-HPR14, and in phylogenetic analyses, both clustered with the ISAV-HPR0 found in Chile. The ISAV-HPR14 had the ISAV-HPR0 residue pattern 360PAT362, which is the only type of ISAV-HPR0 variant found in Chile. This suggested to us that the 2013 ISAV-HPR∆ re-emerged from ISAV-HPR0 that is enzootic in Chilean salmon aquaculture and were not new introductions of virulent ISAV-HPR∆ to Chile. The clinical presentations and diagnostic evidence of the 2013 ISA cases indicated a mixed infection of ISAV with the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi and the bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis, which underscores the need for active ISAV surveillance in areas where ISAV-HPR0 is enzootic, to ensure early detection and control of new ISA outbreaks, as it is considered a risk factor. This is the first report of ISA linked directly to the presence of ISAV-HPR0, and provides strong evidence supporting the contention that ISAV-HPR0 shows a strong relationship to virulent ISAV-HPR∆ viruses and the possibility that it could mutate to virulent ISAV-HPR∆.

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“…The ORF of the HE gene of the 11 ISAV-HPR0 variants (see below) was sequenced and aligned with other publicly available sequences of the same segment [19,21,[32][33][34][35] using CLUSTAL X [63]. Identical sequences were identified with only a single representative type retained in the dataset to reduce subsequent analytical bias.…”

Section: Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of the He Genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The common hypothesis is that all virulent ISAV strains have evolved from a reservoir of ISAV-HPR0 progenitors through deletion events in the HE-HPR [17][18][19][32][33][34]. While ISAV-HPR0 is present in most Atlantic salmon producing countries and causes frequent and transient infections [19,[33][34][35], whether this non-pathogenic variant acts as a progenitor and reservoir for virulent ISAV still remains unclear. Moreover, recent legislation adopted by the OIE made both HPR0 variants and HPR-deleted strains notifiable, which could have a far-reaching impact on salmon product exports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus

Christiansen

McBeath

Aamelfot

et al. 2017

Journal of General Virology

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The putatively non-virulent subtype of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), ISAV-HPR0, is proposed to act as a progenitor and reservoir for all virulent ISAVs and thus represent a potential risk factor for the emergence of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) disease. Here, we provide the first evidence of genetic and functional evolution from an ISAV-HPR0 variant (FO/07/12) to a low-virulent ISAV virus (FO/121/14) in a Faroese Atlantic salmon marine farm. The FO/121/14 virus infection was not associated with specific clinical signs of ISA and was confined to a single net-pen, while various ISAV-HPR0 subtypes were found circulating in most epidemiologically linked marine and freshwater farms. Sequence analysis of all eight segments revealed that the FO/121/14 virus was identical, apart from a substitution in the fusion (F) gene (Q 266 L) and a deletion in the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene, to the FO/07/12 variant from a freshwater farm, which supplied smolts exclusively to the FO/121/14-positive net-pen. An immersion challenge with the FO/121/14 virus induced a systemic infection in Atlantic salmon associated with a low mortality and mild clinical signs confirming its low pathogenicity. Our results demonstrate that mutations in the F protein and deletions in the highly polymorphic region (HPR) of the HE protein represent a minimum requirement for ISAV to gain virulence and to switch cell tropism from a localized epithelial infection to a systemic endotheliotropic infection. This documents that ISAV-HPR0 represents a reservoir and risk factor for the emergence of ISA disease.

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Low virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0) is prevalent and geographically structured in Norwegian salmon farming

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Chemical Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Active against Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

Chemical Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Active against Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in Chilean Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture: emergence of low pathogenic ISAV-HPR0 and re-emergence of virulent ISAV-HPR∆: HPR3 and HPR14

First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus

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