Infectious Diseases in Breeding Stallions

Lu, Kristina G.; Morresey, Peter R.

doi:10.1053/j.ctep.2007.09.008

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…The horses' history suggested that the introduction of a stallion two weeks before the onset of the disease may have been responsible for spreading the infection in this herd. This hypothesis is feasible because the primary method of virus transmission is venereal, and occurs due to direct skin-to-skin contact with an acutely infected horse (Allen & Umphenour 2004, Seki et al 2004, Lu & Morresey 2007. Furthermore, the stallion may also have spread the virus via a non-coital way of infection; due the oral or genitonasal contact associated with the behavior of sniffing or licking the mare's genitalia, which has been proposed as one of the possibilities of infection Equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3: a report of an outbreak in northeastern Brazil and dissemination of the disease (Barrandeguy et al 2010b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the stallion may also have spread the virus via a non-coital way of infection; due the oral or genitonasal contact associated with the behavior of sniffing or licking the mare's genitalia, which has been proposed as one of the possibilities of infection Equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3: a report of an outbreak in northeastern Brazil and dissemination of the disease (Barrandeguy et al 2010b. Genital lesions of ECE in horses are quite typical, allowing a presumptive clinical diagnosis (Bryans 1980, Bryans & Allen 1989, Lu & Morresey 2007, and despite the mares of our study having presented a recent history of vulvovaginitis compatible with ECE, there was no amplification of EHV-3 DNA in their whole blood samples on PCR analysis. The reason for this could be explained by the lack of an ideal temperature for maintenance and multiplication of EHV-3 in the bloodstream, leading to low levels of viremia in some infected horses (Allen & Umphenour 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3: a report of an outbreak in northeastern Brazil

et al. 2021

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Equine coital exanthema is a venereal infectious disease poorly reported in horses in Brazil and was never described in the northeastern region of the country. This work aims to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3, occurred in a herd of horses at the semiarid region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Main clinical signs consisted of anorexia, hiporexia, fibrinous or purulent secretion in the penis mucosa and vagina. Two mares presented mild to minimal lesions that consisted of scars in the mucosa of the vagina and in the perivulvar region. In a stallion the disease consisted of severe, multifocal, umbilicated-exanthematous ulcers of approximately 1cm in diameter on the penis mucosa. Other areas where ulcers and crusts were focally observed included the skin of the scrotum and on the lips and mucocutaneous junctions of the oral cavity. Histologically, the main lesion consisted of multifocal severe ulcerative and fibrinous necrotizing balanoposthitis and mild multifocal necrotizing, lymphocytic dermatitis in the lips and scrotum. The equide alphaherpesvirus 3 DNA was amplified in blood samples and penis mucosa using the PCR technique. This is the first report of molecular diagnosis of equine coital exanthema affecting horses in northeastern Brazil. Further studies should be carried out in order to investigate the epidemiology and the importance of this herpetic disease in the country.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine coital exanthema caused by equid alphaherpesvirus 3: a report of an outbreak in northeastern Brazil

et al. 2021

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“…If copulation does occur during the ulcerative stage, ulcers can cause bloody ejaculates, reducing sperm viability [11]. Although coitus is the major route of exposure for stallions and mares, mares can be infected by AI or thorough indirect contact with contaminated veterinary instruments or equipment, gynecological examination or testing for pregnancy [11,14,15].…”

Section: Vulvitis Vaginitis and Cervicitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under such circumstances, there is the potential for colonization of the penis and prepuce with the mentioned bacteria. These organisms, which rarely produce clinical disease in the stallion, can give rise to endometritis with reduced fertility in susceptible mares, especially in mares with a preexisting defect in uterine clearance [15]. Transmission of these bacteria occurs venereally, either natural breeding or AI with infective semen [18,82].…”

Section: Venereal Infectious Endometritismentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and Infertility in Mares

Satué¹,

Gardón²

2016

Genital Infections and Infertility

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In cyclic mares, the uterine environment can easily disturbed due to inflammatory processes that occur secondary to microbial invasion. Different aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can enter the uterus during natural mating, artificial insemination, reproductive examination or parturition. The postpartum period is a critical phase since due to relaxation of the uterus and cervix may favor recurrent infections air intake pneumovagina or urine collection in mares with poor perineal conformation. Infections are mainly caused by opportunistic or commensal microorganisms, such as Streptococcus zooepidemicus, hemolytic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Other microorganisms like Taylorella equigenitalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomona aeruginosa are transmitted through venereal route. Regarding to the fungal endometritis, the most common fungi include Candida and Aspergillus. These microorganisms cause infertility as a result of repeated inseminations during the breeding season and proliferate when the natural immune system is weakened in mares with advanced age and multiparous, or after repeated use of antibiotics. Indeed, in susceptible mare to endometritis, uterine defense mechanisms involving phagocytosis and opsonization by neutrophils, local synthesis of antibodies, mucociliary activity, vascular and myoelectric activity permeability are compromised, leading to fluid accumulation in response to inflammation and infertility.

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“…The qPCR was validated for specificity and presented a sensitivity of 3.2 TCID 50 /50ml. Venereal pathogens including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa may establish asymptomatic carrier status and associated subfertility after colonisation of the external genitalia of stallions due to a disturbance of normal commensal microflora subsequent to antimicrobial and disinfectant therapy [1]. An outbreak of Taylorella equigenitalis among the resident stallions at the Lipizzaner Centre in South Africa was managed by a currently-accepted treatment protocol of topical antibacterials and disinfectants [2,3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%