Infectious Bronchitis Virus Field Vaccination Coverage and Persistence of Arkansas-type Viruses in Commercial Broilers

Jackwood, Mark W.; Hilt, Deborah A.; McCall, Amber W.; Polizzi, Crystal N.; McKinley, Enid T.; Williams, Susan Millar

doi:10.1637/8858.1

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…However, some problems still occur. Poor vaccine coverage and lateral transmission of vaccine virus among birds are examples of vaccination issues encountered in the field (Jackwood et al, 2009).…”

Section: Body Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus S1 spike glycoprotein

Leyson

Jordan

Jackwood

2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Infectious bronchitis virus is an important respiratory pathogen in chickens. The IBV S1 spike is a viral structural protein that is responsible for attachment to host receptors and is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. To date, there is no experimentally determined structure for the IBV S1 spike. In this study, we sought to find a predicted tertiary structure for IBV S1 using I-TASSER, which is an automated homology modeling platform. We found that the predicted structures obtained were robust and consistent with experimental data. For instance, we observed that all four residues (38, 43, 63, and 68) that have been shown to be critical for binding to host tissues, were found at the surface of the predicted structure of Massachusetts (Mass) S1 spike. Together with antigenicity index analysis, we were also able to show that Ma5 vaccine has higher antigenicity indices at residues close to the receptor-binding region than M41 vaccine, thereby providing a possible mechanism on how Ma5 achieves better protection against challenge. Examination of the predicted structure of the Arkansas IBV S1 spike also gave insights on the effect of polymorphisms at position 43 on the surface availability of receptor binding residues. This study showcases advancements in protein structure prediction and contributes useful, inexpensive tools to provide insights into the biology of IBV.

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Section: Body Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus S1 spike glycoprotein

Leyson

Jordan

Jackwood

2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…Identification of the IBV type causing an outbreak in commercial poultry is necessary to be able to choose the appropriate vaccine(s) capable of inducing a protective immune response. Because only a few vaccine types, and in many countries only one vaccine (Mass type H120) can be used, variant viruses persist and outbreaks continue to occur (Gelb et al, 1991;Ignjatovic et al, 2006;Jackwood et al, 2005Jackwood et al, , 2009. Evolutionary rates for IBV are so rapid that even live attenuated vaccines undergo selection and mutation following only a single round of infection in the host.…”

Section: Diagnostic and Control Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses

Jackwood

Hall

Handel

2012

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Coronaviruses, which are single stranded, positive sense RNA viruses, are responsible for a wide variety of existing and emerging diseases in humans and other animals. The gammacoronaviruses primarily infect avian hosts. Within this genus of coronaviruses, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly infectious upper-respiratory tract disease in commercial poultry. IBV shows rapid evolution in chickens, frequently producing new antigenic types, which adds to the multiple serotypes of the virus that do not cross protect. Rapid evolution in IBV is facilitated by strong selection, large population sizes and high genetic diversity within hosts, and transmission bottlenecks between hosts. Genetic diversity within a host arises primarily by mutation, which includes substitutions, insertions and deletions. Mutations are caused both by the high error rate, and limited proof reading capability, of the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, and by recombination. Recombination also generates new haplotype diversity by recombining existing variants. Rapid evolution of avian coronavirus IBV makes this virus extremely difficult to diagnose and control, but also makes it an excellent model system to study viral genetic diversity and the mechanisms behind the emergence of coronaviruses in their natural host.

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“…2) as well as the genetic similarity of the viruses, previously characterized as attenuated viruses. It has been shown that IBV can be shed for long periods of time and that vaccine viruses can persist in the field and revert to cause disease (Farsang et al, 2002;Jackwood et al, 2009;Matthijs et al, 2008;Naqi et al, 2003). Thus, it is possible that vaccine viruses are more likely to be isolated from the field because they may be more abundant having displaced field viruses of the same type or because they are more easily isolated since they are adapted to grow in embryonated eggs.…”

Section: Virus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuated live vaccine usage affects accurate measures of virus diversity and mutation rates in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

et al. 2011

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The full-length genomes of 11 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) field isolates from three different types of the virus; Massachusetts (Mass), Connecticut (Conn) and California (CAL) isolated over a 41, 25 and 8 year period respectively, were sequenced and analyzed to determine the mutation rates and level of polymorphisms across the genome. Positive selection was not detected and mutation rates ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-6)substitutions/site/year for Mass and Conn IBV types where attenuated live vaccines are routinely used to control the disease. In contrast, for CAL type viruses, for which no vaccine exists, positive selection was detected and mutation rates were 10 fold higher ranging from 10(-2) to 10(-3)substitutions/site/year. Lower levels of genetic diversity among the Mass and Conn viruses as well as sequence similarities with vaccine virus genomes suggest that the origin of the Mass and all but one of the Conn viruses was likely vaccine virus that had been circulating in the field for an unknown but apparently short period of time. The genetic data also identified a recombinant IBV isolate with 7 breakpoints distributed across the entire genome suggesting that viruses within the same serotype can have a high degree of genetic variability outside of the spike gene. These data are important because inaccurate measures of genetic diversity and mutation rates could lead to underestimates of the ability of IBV to change and potentially emerge to cause disease.

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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Field Vaccination Coverage and Persistence of Arkansas-type Viruses in Commercial Broilers

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 18 publications

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Insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus S1 spike glycoprotein

Insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus S1 spike glycoprotein

Molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses

Attenuated live vaccine usage affects accurate measures of virus diversity and mutation rates in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

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