Infections in AIDS

Hart, C.A.; Beeching, Nicholas; Duerden, B. I.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-49-11-947

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Proteins from these microbes, however, are processed in the phagosome, loaded onto MHCII molecules, and shuttled to the cell surface, marking the infected cells for recognition by CD4 ϩ T cells (22)(23)(24)(25)(26). The importance of this fundamental aspect of antigen presentation is evidenced by that fact that CD4 ϩ T cell-deficient individuals have a preferential susceptibility to phagosomal infections (27,28).…”

Section: T Cell Antigen Receptor Recognition Of Peptide-mhc Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary role of CD8 ϩ T cells in the control of these cytosolic infections is likely related to the efficient production of microbial p:MHCI complexes by infected cells. In contrast, CD4 ϩ T cells are probably the key controllers of primary infections by microbes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Leishmania major, and Salmonella enterica (27), because these organisms replicate in the phagosomes of macrophages and dendritic cells, where p:MHCII complexes are formed (85)(86)(87)(88). Not only are CD4 ϩ T cells the main controllers of these infections (9,21,(89)(90)(91), they also appear to do so with little help from other cells of the adaptive immune system.…”

Section: Cd4 ؉ T Cell Response To Phagosomal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, M. tuberculosis and Salmonella infections are controlled normally in IL-23-deficient mice, in which Th17 generation does not occur (157,158), and neutralization of IL-17 had no effect on the control of L. major infection (159). Furthermore, people with mutations that affect the expression of IL-17 or IL-17 receptor are susceptible to Candida and Staphylococcus aureus skin infections (160) but do not appear to be susceptible to the phagosomal pathogens that afflict people lacking CD4 ϩ T cells or IL-12 receptor (27,28,161). Thus, the bulk of the evidence to date suggests that Th1 cells, and not Th17 cells, are critical for controlling phagosomal infections.…”

Section: Srivastava and Ernst Recently Shed Light On How The Interactmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CD4⁺T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

Tubo

Jenkins

2014

Clin Microbiol Rev

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SUMMARY CD4 + T cells are key cells of the adaptive immune system that use T cell antigen receptors to recognize peptides that are generated in endosomes or phagosomes and displayed on the host cell surface bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules. These T cells participate in immune responses that protect hosts from microbes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Cryptococcus neoformans , Leishmania major , and Salmonella enterica , which have evolved to live in the phagosomes of macrophages and dendritic cells. Here, we review studies indicating that CD4 + T cells control phagosomal infections asymptomatically in most individuals by secreting cytokines that activate the microbicidal activities of infected phagocytes but in a way that inhibits the pathogen but does not eliminate it. Indeed, we make the case that localized, controlled, persistent infection is necessary to maintain large numbers of CD4 + effector T cells in a state of activation needed to eradicate systemic and more pathogenic forms of the infection. Finally, we posit that current vaccines for phagosomal infections fail because they do not produce this “periodic reminder” form of CD4 + T cell-mediated immune control.

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Section: T Cell Antigen Receptor Recognition Of Peptide-mhc Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cd4 ؉ T Cell Response To Phagosomal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Srivastava and Ernst Recently Shed Light On How The Interactmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CD4⁺T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

Tubo

Jenkins

2014

Clin Microbiol Rev

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“…Previous authors highlight risk factors including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, extreme youth, malnutrition and malaria [2]. The greatest contributor to disease burden over the past decade is undoubtedly the increase in HIV-NTS co-infection [3,4,5,6] associated with a very high mortality [7,8]. The first report of NTS in an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient was from Haiti in 1983 [9] and five case reports from New York, United States of America (USA,) all with S. Typhimurium, were reported in 1985 [10].…”

Section: Background To the Increase In Non-typhoidal Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Using next generation sequencing to tackle non-typhoidal Salmonella infections

Wain

Keddy

Hendriksen

et al. 2013

J Infect Dev Ctries

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The publication of studies using next generation sequencing to analyse large numbers of bacterial isolates from global epidemics is transforming microbiology, epidemiology and public health. The emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 is one example. While the epidemiology in Africa appears to be human-to-human spread and the association with invasive disease almost absolute, more needs to be done to exclude the possibility of animal reservoirs and to transfer the ability to track all Salmonella infections to the laboratories in the front line. In this mini-review we summarise what is currently known about non-typhoidal Salmonella in sub-Saharan Africa and discuss some of the issues which remain.

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“…Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas organisms are opportunistic pathogens in humans which can infect the eyes through contaminated fingers/contact lenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged as one of the most common causes of gram negative bacteraemia with possible dissemination to the eyes (Adeleye et al, 2008;Hart et al, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

Otajevwo¹,

Ajayi²,

Oghre³

2011

GJHS

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One hundred (100) conjunctival swabs were collected from Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-confirmed HIV/AIDS seropositive patients who were referred to the HIV/AIDS laboratory of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria for routine CD4 count check. Swabs were bacteriologically processed and bacterial strains obtained from CD4 count groups were subjected to invitro antibiotic testing by disc diffusion technique in relation to their CD4 groups. Thirty four (34.0%) patients had CD4 counts within group 1 (<500 cells/µl), 36(36.0%) in group 2 (200 cells/ µl) and 30(30.0%) in group 3 (>200 cell/µl). While there was no bacterial growth after 48hrs incubation recorded for group 1, only 5(13.9%) samples yielded growth of Staphylococcus aureus for group 2 with 31(86.1%) yielding no bacterial growth. All group 3 samples yielded profuse growth of which 11(36.7%) yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 19(63.3%) yielded Staph aureus. Staphylococcus. aureus strains isolated from the 19(63.3%) group 3 samples showed invitro sensitivity reactions to ten antibiotics as follows: zinnat (57.9%) pefloxacine (55.3%), rocephine (51.3%) and gentamycin (50.0%). The others recorded less than 50% sensitivity. Multiple resistance to 6(60%) of antibiotics used was shown by 6(31.6%) out of the 19 strains. The antibiogram of the 11(36.7%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed ciprofloxacin (52.3%) and gentamycin (50.0%) reaction. The remaining eight recorded less than 50% sensitivity of which, 4(36.4%) P. aeruginosa strains showed multiple resistance to 50% of antibiotics used. The 5(13.9%) group 2 Staph. aureus strains showed invitro antibiotic susceptibility reactions as follows: pefloxacine (65.0%), gentamycin (60.0%), rocephine (55.0%), ciprofloxacin (55.0%) and streptomycin (50.0%). Others recorded less than 50% reaction and none of the strains in this group recorded multiple resistances. Unpaired t-test analysis showed that whereas the differences in susceptibilities of both organisms to ofloxacine, pefloxacine, gentamycin, ampicillin, zinnat, rocephine, ciprofloxacin and sperfloxacin were insignificant (P>0.05), differences in susceptibilities to streptomycin was highly significant (P<0.01) and significant to augmentin (P<0.05).

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Infections in AIDS

Cited by 30 publications

References 104 publications

CD4⁺T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

CD4⁺T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

Using next generation sequencing to tackle non-typhoidal Salmonella infections

Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

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Infections in AIDS

Cited by 30 publications

References 104 publications

CD4+T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

CD4+T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

Using next generation sequencing to tackle non-typhoidal Salmonella infections

Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

CD4⁺T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome

CD4⁺T Cells: Guardians of the Phagosome