Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus

Selvey, Linda; Wells, Rachel; McCormack, J. G.; Ansford, Anthony J.; Murray, Keith E.; Rogers, R. J.; Lavercombe, Peter S; Selleck, Paul; Sheridan, John

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126050.x

Cited by 343 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Nipah virus is a recently discovered paramyxovirus belonging to a new genus (Henipavirus) within the family Paramyxoviridae (Order: Mononegavirales, subfamily Paramyxovirinae) [9]. The first member of this genus to emerge was Hendra virus in 1994 in Australia [10]. Nipah virus caused a large outbreak in humans in Malaysia during 1998 to 1999 and is responsible for five subsequent outbreaks in Bangladesh between 2001 and 2005 [11,12,13••].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and causes of emergence

Epstein¹,

Field²,

Luby³

et al. 2006

Curr Infect Dis Rep

185

161

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Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe febrile encephalitis resulting in death in 40% to 75% of human cases. Nipah virus is considered a biosafety level-4 pathogen and is listed as a select agent with high risk for public health and security due to its high mortality rate in people and the lack of effective vaccines or therapies. The natural reservoir for Nipah virus and related members of the genus Henipavirus are fruit bats of the genus Pteropus. Nipah virus emerged in Malaysia in 1998 as a porcine neurologic and respiratory disease that spread to humans who had contact with live, infected pigs. Research reviewed in this paper suggests that anthropogenic factors, including agricultural expansion and intensification, were the underlying causes of its emergence. Nipah virus has caused five subsequent outbreaks between 2001 and 2005 in Bangladesh. Here, it appears to have spilled over directly from bats to humans, and person-to-person transmission is evident suggesting a heightened public health risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and causes of emergence

Epstein¹,

Field²,

Luby³

et al. 2006

Curr Infect Dis Rep

185

161

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In March 1999, laboratory studies indicated evidence of infection with Nipah virus, a new paramyxovirus, in both human patients and sick pigs. Nipah virus is most closely related to the Hendra virus, which has been associated with disease outbreaks among horses and humans in Australia [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Hendra virus appears to spread to humans through direct contact with body fluids of infected horses [10,11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Case‐Control Study of Risk Factors for Human Infection with a New Zoonotic Paramyxovirus, Nipah Virus, during a 1998–1999 Outbreak of Severe Encephalitis in Malaysia

Parashar¹,

et al. 2000

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An outbreak of encephalitis affecting 265 patients (105 fatally) occurred during 1998-1999 in Malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, Nipah, that infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. Most patients were pig farmers. Clinically undetected Nipah infection was noted in 10 (6%) of 166 community-farm controls (persons from farms without reported encephalitis patients) and 20 (11%) of 178 case-farm controls (persons from farms with encephalitis patients). Case patients (persons with Nipah infection) were more likely than community-farm controls to report increased numbers of sick/dying pigs on the farm (59% vs. 24%, P=.001) and were more likely than case-farm controls to perform activities requiring direct contact with pigs (86% vs. 50%, P=.005). Only 8% of case patients reported no contact with pigs. The outbreak stopped after pigs in the affected areas were slaughtered and buried. Direct, close contact with pigs was the primary source of human Nipah infection, but other sources, such as infected dogs and cats, cannot be excluded.

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“…It can be suggested that HeV is not a highly infectious virus. In two of the three HeV episodes, there is evidence of direct contact between susceptibles (Selvey et al, 1995;O'Sullivan et al, 1997).…”

Section: Vehicles and Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Henipaviruses: Gaps in the Knowledge of Emergence

et al. 2004

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Over the past 10 years many ''new'' viruses have been identified in Australia and the Asian region.The viruses have been isolated from, and/or identified in, a range of animals; some of these viruses are of veterinary and medical importance while others are new threats to biodiversity. Of these viruses, Hendra and Nipah viruses have emerged as significant zoonotic agents belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and genusHenipavirus. These agents cause fatalities in a range of animals including horses, pigs, and humans. Both viruses have been isolated from flying foxes (genus Pteropus; suborder Megachiroptera), which are accepted as their natural hosts. Although some research has been undertaken on the viruses and their hosts, little is known about how these viruses emerge. We have attempted to investigate the current knowledge of the bat-Henipavirus ecology by discussing the range of bat viruses that exist (viral assemblage), the significance of evolving viruses, possible functional role(s) of viruses, the ecology of viruses and their hosts, and identifying possible drivers (selection pressures) that may culminate with the overlap of new potential viral hosts thereby facilitating the replication of fit viral populations in a new host-virus continuum(s). By undertaking such an analysis, we have attempted to identify key questions, which should be investigated if the factors involved in ''driving'' Henipavirus emergence are to be understood.

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Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus

Cited by 343 publications

References 2 publications

Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and causes of emergence

Nipah virus: Impact, origins, and causes of emergence

Case‐Control Study of Risk Factors for Human Infection with a New Zoonotic Paramyxovirus, Nipah Virus, during a 1998–1999 Outbreak of Severe Encephalitis in Malaysia

Henipaviruses: Gaps in the Knowledge of Emergence

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