Infection: A hypothesis on active susceptibilty and species immunity with implications for aids prevention

Malyshkin, Alexander P.

doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2009.12.002

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Normal and opportunistic microfloras are genetically foreign to the host, and so the embryo in the womb is to its mother, yet they are biologically necessary, and they are not attacked by the immune system. Many dangerous microorganisms may be useful under the conditions of healthy or asymptomatic carriage [1][2]; in this case, the immune system remains tolerant to them, too. In other words, the body not always reacts to nonself antigens as to a danger.…”

Section: Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), whose pathogens, according to the active susceptibility hypothesis [2], are also privileged foreign substances, requires the opposite approach. According to this hypothesis, susceptibility to all contagious microorganisms is determined at the host's genome level by active susceptibility genes, which are essentially the genes of their immune privilege.…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive immunity: the concept of linked functions

Malyshkin¹

2013

Immunol Innov

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Immunology has made tremendous progress during more than half century after Burnet's clonal selection theory was published, but there are still more questions than answers. What is the function of the immune system, given that invertebrates have lived without one for millions of years, although they are also susceptible to infections and tumors? On the other hand, the emergence of the immune system in evolution did not deliver higher animals from either infections or cancer. The concept of linked functions is an attempt at answering these and other related questions. The concept assumes that the evolutionary origin of the immune system is related to a primary nonimmune function rather than to self/nonself recognition. However, the mechanisms used to fulfill this function proved to be a suitable basis for immune recognition, which, according to the concept, occurs at the level of receptor-bearing immune cells rather than receptors themselves. Since cross-reactivity is a common phenomenon, it is assumed that specific combinations of antigenic determinants, rather than determinants per se, serve as recognition criteria, antigen processing and MCH-II restriction being necessary steps of the immune recognition of these combinations. The new views on adaptive immunity suggest new approaches to preventing graft rejection and treating chronic infections and malignant tumors.

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Section: Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive immunity: the concept of linked functions

Malyshkin¹

2013

Immunol Innov

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“…Thus, it is not that "microbes infect us, " but rather that we "infect ourselves" with our normal microflora right after birth, which I refer to as active susceptibility [3]. Its contagiousness is our necessity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to some authors, healthy or asymptomatic carriage of contagious microorganisms is more frequent than infectious diseases [2]. The active susceptibility concept [3] holds that precisely healthy carriage is the normal relationship between infective microorganisms and susceptible species. For example, thousands of healthy carriers of the cholera pathogen live unharmed in India [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic infections: causes and possible approach to treatment

Malyshkin¹

2014

Res J Infect Dis

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The mechanisms of chronic infectious diseases remain poorly understood, and optimal methods for their treatment are still to be found. An attempt is made to analyze available data by analogy with natural chronic foci of normal microflora, which are useful and even necessary to the host. The analogy is justified because both normal and pathogenic infective microfloras are basically similar in their essential characteristics, such as contagiousness, conditional pathogenicity, the possibility of healthy carriage, and chronic persistence in the host body. On this basis, it is assumed that foci of any persistent microflora are formed because they are necessary for the host, which explains the difficulty of curing chronic infections. Alternative ways of their treatment are discussed.

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A new approach to treating chronic infections

Malyshkin¹

2013

Res J Infect Dis

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Infection: A hypothesis on active susceptibilty and species immunity with implications for aids prevention

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Adaptive immunity: the concept of linked functions

Adaptive immunity: the concept of linked functions

Chronic infections: causes and possible approach to treatment

A new approach to treating chronic infections

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