Infant home endotoxin is associated with reduced allergen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and IL-13 production in childhood

Impaired lipopolysaccharide responsiveness of cord blood mononuclear cells and the risk of asthma: a longitudinal study

“…For example, in a longitudinal study, increased exposure at age 2-3 mo to household endotoxin was associated with reduced allergen-induced production of the TH2 cytokine IL-13, in children at risk for allergy and asthma (10). Consistent with this report, monocytes from children with atopy demonstrated impaired LPS-induced TLR-4-signalling (11).…”

Exposure to dust mite allergen and endotoxin in early life and asthma and atopy in childhood

“…30 Three birth cohort studies of children not selected on the basis of parental history of atopy also found that early exposure to house dust endotoxin is associated with an increased risk of wheeze up to age 2 years. 7,9,31 Results of cross-sectional studies of German schoolchildren 32 and US adults 33 further suggest that indoor endotoxin exposure is associated with reduced risk of atopy but increased risk of nonatopic wheeze.…”

T-cell responses to allergens

“…Studies that have examined IL-10 as a surrogate marker of Tregs in early life have found no evidence of enhanced levels induced by allergen or LPS in T cells from children or infants living in an endotoxin-high environment. 51,64 Most studies of Tregs in allergic disease have focused on atopic and nonatopic adults with established immune responses. Akdis et al 65 reported an increased frequency of allergen-specific IL-10-secreting Tregs in nonatopic donors.…”