Exposure to dust mite allergen and endotoxin in early life and asthma and atopy in childhood

Abstract

Early endotoxin exposure may be a protective factor against atopy but a risk factor for wheeze in high-risk children.

Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments

“…However, several population-based studies have shown a decreased risk of wheezing [76], asthma [57,76] and atopy [76,88] in children living in urban homes with high endotoxin concentrations. Such a protective effect has been observed previously in rural populations, especially in the case of allergic sensitisation and atopic wheezing [75,89].…”

“…Such observations suggest that these compounds might have protective or adverse effects according to atopic status. Indeed, epidemiological studies have found positive [68,69,88] and negative [57,76] associations either in atopic or nonatopic asthma phenotypes. Moreover, timing of exposure seems to be crucial in order to understand how these components could be implicated in asthma.…”

Birth by cesarean section, allergic rhinitis, and allergic sensitization among children with a parental history of atopy

“…Additional variables considered for inclusion in the multivariate analysis included sex, annual household income 21 , child's ethnicity 21 , number of older siblings, maternal age at delivery, gestational age 20 , maternal asthma (ever and current), paternal asthma (ever and current), in utero smoke exposure, average number of cigarettes smoked by adults in the household per day, breast feeding 22 , day care attendance in the first year of life 23 , antibiotic use in the first year of life 24 , bottle feeding in the crib or bed prior to sleep 22 , physician-diagnosed illnesses of the upper (sinusitis and recurrent [≥3 episodes] of nasal catarrh) and lower (pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and croup) respiratory tract in the first year of life 25 , and levels of dust mite allergen and endotoxin in house dust at age 2 to 3 months 26 . The methods used to collect house dust samples and quantify levels of dust mite allergen (in the child's bed) and endotoxin (in the family/living room) have been previously described [26][27][28][29] .…”

“…The methods used to collect house dust samples and quantify levels of dust mite allergen (in the child's bed) and endotoxin (in the family/living room) have been previously described [26][27][28][29] .…”

Perinatal Activation of the Interleukin-33 Pathway Promotes Type 2 Immunity in the Developing Lung

“…Early postnatal T cell reactivity to HDM allergens is a major risk factor for the development of asthma in children, suggesting that persistent Th2 cell sensitization occurs early after birth (Celedó n et al, 2007;Lodge et al, 2011). Why young children are at increased risk to become sensitized is largely unknown.…”