Inequality in Men's Mortality: The Socioeconomic Status Gradient and Geographic Context

Hayward, Mark D.; Pienta, Amy; McLaughlin, Diane K.

doi:10.2307/2955428

Cited by 82 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Some evidence suggests that much of chronic disease experience is also rooted in childhood (e.g., low birth weight, inadequate nutrition, childhood poverty, and childhood illnesses; see Barker 1997aBarker , 1997bBlackwell et al forthcoming;Elo and Preston 1992). Other evidence identifies the substantial effects of the work environment at different points in the career (Mare 1990;Moore and Hayward 1990;Pavalko, Elder, and Clipp 1993), mid-and late-adulthood social and economic circumstances (Hayward et al 1997;Kington and Smith 1997;Ross and Wu 1995), and community environment (LeClere et al ,1997). Chronic health conditions, therefore, are not simply an outcome of biological aging or reflective of one's health behaviors and social circumstances at a particular stage of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also ambiguous is whether social conditions have strong or weak associations with disease, depending on when in the life cycle a person is exposed (Hayward, Pienta, and McLaughlin 1997;Moore and Hayward 1990). Socioeconomic status is often conceptualized in the literature without regard to changing life-cycle circumstances, drawing on the Weberian conception of social position-class, status, and party.…”

Section: A Socioeconomic Perspective On Racial Differences In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work career fashions income trajectories, exposure to stressful or hazardous working conditions, and the availability of health care through health insurance. Income (or the lack of it) can be an important stressor, but income also provides the means to mitigate the effects of other stressors in the environment (Hayward, Pienta, and McLaughlin 1997). Stressful or hazardous working conditions can have a direct impact on health (Moore and Hayward 1990).…”

Section: A Socioeconomic Perspective On Racial Differences In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Racial Gap in Chronic Health Conditions

Hayward¹,

Crimmins²,

Miles³

et al. 2000

American Sociological Review

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331

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survive to old age, their mortality rates converge toward those for older whites, although blacks remain disadvantaged (Elo and Preston 1994).The racial gap in mortality during the prime adult ages points to the need to understand chronic health problems of middleaged blacks and whites. Middle age, defined here as ages 51 to 63, designates the lifecycle period when the racial gap in health is potentially at its greatest (House et al. 1994). Our overall goal is to identify racial differences in "life without health problems" to better specify the pathways that lead to racial differences in mortality and to differences in the quality of life lived. We define health problems broadly to include the major fatal and nonfatal chronic diseases, conditions, and impairments, functional difficulty, and disability.Two basic questions guide our analysis. First, are blacks consistently disadvantaged relative to whites across all major chronic eath truncates the lives of black Americans at younger ages than whites, with greater racial differences observed for men than women. National life table estimates for 1996 predict a life expectancy at birth for black men of 66 years compared with almost 74 years for white men (Ventura et al. 1997). Much of this difference is due to the racial disparity in mortality rates prior to age 65. Should blacks D

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Socioeconomic Perspective On Racial Differences In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Socioeconomic Perspective On Racial Differences In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Racial Gap in Chronic Health Conditions

Hayward¹,

Crimmins²,

Miles³

et al. 2000

American Sociological Review

Self Cite

409

331

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Smith et al and Hayward et al focused on a population of men 55 years or older and found that excess mortality existed among urban residents even after controlling for differences in social class and lifestyle factors between urban and suburban residents. 12,13 Although the aforementioned studies performed adjustments for population composition and socioeconomic status, no study has yet examined how the extent of urban-suburban health disparities in a metropolitan area may be influenced by the region's built environment. The built environment, encompassing all of the buildings, spaces, and products that are created or significantly modified by people, not only forms a backcloth against which people live, work, and play, 14 but also to some degree determines residents' exposure to environmental risks and the associated physiological and psychosocial impacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Sprawl Associated with a Widening Urban–Suburban Mortality Gap?

Fan

Song

2009

J Urban Health

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This paper examines whether sprawl, featured by low development density, segregated land uses, lack of significant centers, and poor street connectivity, contributes to a widening mortality gap between urban and suburban residents. We employ two mortality datasets, including a national cross-sectional dataset examining the impact of metropolitanlevel sprawl on urban-suburban mortality gaps and a longitudinal dataset from Portland examining changes in urban-suburban mortality gaps over time. The national and Portland studies provide the only evidence to date that (1) across metropolitan areas, the size of urban-suburban mortality gaps varies by the extent of sprawl: in sprawling metropolitan areas, urban residents have significant excess mortality risks than suburban residents, while in compact metropolitan areas, urbanicity-related excess mortality becomes insignificant; (2) the Portland metropolitan area not only experienced net decreases in mortality rates but also a narrowing urban-suburban mortality gap since its adoption of smart growth regime in the past decade; and (3) the existence of excess mortality among urban residents in US sprawling metropolitan areas, as well as the net mortality decreases and narrowing urban-suburban mortality gap in the Portland metropolitan area, is not attributable to sociodemographic variations. These findings suggest that health threats imposed by sprawl affect urban residents disproportionately compared to suburban residents and that efforts curbing sprawl may mitigate urban-suburban health disparities.

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“…6 Region of the country where the respondent resides is captured in three dummy variables (North, Midwest, and West, coded 1) with those who live in the South as the reference category (coded 0). 7 We include this measure here because region is a significant predictor of health status (Hayward, Pienta, and McLaughlin 1997;LeClere, Rogers, and Peters 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

Race, Gender, and SES Disparities in Self-Assessed Health, 1974-2004

2008

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Despite improvements in the status of Blacks and women over the past 30 years, racial and gender disparities in mortality and morbidity persist. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data from 1974 to 2004, the authors explore the extent to which race, gender, and socioeconomic status converge to produce differences in self-assessed health. The intersectionality paradigm is used to guide this work on health disparities. The authors find that the gender gap in self-assessed health has narrowed significantly over this 30-year time period. This decreased gap is especially pronounced because of the marked improvement over time in Black women's reports of their health. However, Black women continue to report the lowest levels of self-assessed health even in 2004. In fact, Black women who hold a college degree report worse health than White men, White women, and Black men with a high school diploma.

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Inequality in Men's Mortality: The Socioeconomic Status Gradient and Geographic Context

Cited by 82 publications

References 32 publications

The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Racial Gap in Chronic Health Conditions

The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Racial Gap in Chronic Health Conditions

Is Sprawl Associated with a Widening Urban–Suburban Mortality Gap?

Race, Gender, and SES Disparities in Self-Assessed Health, 1974-2004

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