Inequalities and Asymmetries in the Development of Angola’s Provinces: The Impact of Colonialism and Civil War

Abstract

Angola, as with many countries on the African continent, has great inequalities or asymmetries between its provinces. At the economic, financial, and technological level, there is a great disparity between them, where it is observed that the province of Luanda is the largest financial business center to the detriment of others, such as Moxico, Zaire, and Cabinda. In the latter, despite the advantages of high oil production, from a regional point of view, they remain almost stagnant in time, in a social dysfunction where the population lives on extractivism and artisanal fishing. This article analyzes the most important events in contemporary regional history, the Portuguese occupation that was the Portuguese colonial rule over Angola (1890–1930) and the civil war that was a struggle between Angolans for control of the country (1975–2002), in the consolidation of the asymmetries between provinces. For this work, a theoretical-reflective study was conducted based on the reading of books, articles, and previous investigations on the phenomenon studied. Considering the interpretation and analysis of the theoretical content obtained through the bibliographic research conducted, this theoretical construction approaches the qualitative approach. We conclude that the deep inequalities between regions and within them, between the provinces studied, originated historically in the form of exploitation of the regions and from the consequences of the war. The asymmetries, observed through the variables studied show that the provinces historically explored and considered object regions present a lower growth compared to those that were considered subject regions in which the applied geopolitical strategy, as they are centers of primary production flows, was different. We also observe that, due to the conflicts of the civil war in the less developed regions, the inequalities have deepened, contributing seriously to a higher level of poverty and a lower development of the provinces where these conflicts took place.

Impact of higher-income countries on child health in lower-income countries from a climate change perspective. A case study of the UK and Malawi

“…Sometimes, small cadres of economic and political elite were promoted, which caused inequality. This inequality may help explain why many former European colonies still have poor economic outcomes [ 20 , 21 ].…”

On the Dilemmas of Natural Resource Rents and the Wealth of Their Citizens: Case of Angola and Norway

“…Angola, like many countries on the African continent, presents great inequalities or asymmetries among its provinces. At the economic, financial and technological levels, there is a great disparity between them, where it is observed that the province of Luanda is the largest financial business center to the detriment of others such as Mexico, Zaire and Cabinda (Catoto Capitango et al, 2022). The citizens of Angola have seen how the country has been experiencing economic growth, but it is not reflected in the population that continues to live in poverty, despite the increase in the country's oil reserves remaining in the top 5.…”